David Jacoby - Studies on the Crusader States and on Venetian Expansion

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First published 1989 by Variorum Reprints

Reissued 2018 by Routledge

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A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 90107360

ISBN 13: 978-0-860-78249-0 (hbk)

ISBN 13: 978-1-315-20405-5 (ebk)

This volume is a sequel to the two published in the Variorum Reprints series, in 1975 and 1979 respectively, under the following titles: Socit et dmographie Byzance et en Romanie latine, and Recherches sur la Mditerrane orientale du XII e au XV e sicle. Peuples, socits, conomies. The present collection of studies, like the previous ones, deals with Western expansion in the eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea and with the meeting between the West, Byzantium and the Muslim East that took place in these areas from the eleventh to the fifteenth century. The present volume reflects to some extent a shift in focus toward the Crusader Levant, as implied by its title, and a stronger emphasis on cultural, economic and urban history.

I wish to thank the following publishers and institutions for granting permission to reproduce the studies that originally appeared in periodicals or collective volumes: Frank Cass, London; the director of Dumbarton Oaks; the president of the Ateneo Veneto, the editor of Studi medievali; the Ben Zvi Institute, Jerusalem; the director of the Istituto di Medievistica, University of Genoa; the Archbishop Makarios III Foundation, Nicosia; Editions de Boccard, Paris; Arnoldo Mondadori Editore.

Some mistakes have been corrected in the text of the studies reproduced below, while additional mistakes are listed in the Addenda et corrigenda preceding the index at the end of this volume.

DAVID JACOBY

Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington, D.C.
January 1989

The articles in this volume, as in all others in the Collected Studies Series, have not been given a new, continuous pagination. In order to avoid confusion, and to facilitate their use where these same studies have been referred to elsewhere, the original pagination has been maintained wherever possible.

Each article has been given a Roman number in order of appearance, as listed in the Contents. This number is repeated on each page and quoted in the index entries.

The period extending from the late eleventh to the early thirteenth century witnessed the conquest of Muslim and Byzantine territories by western armies and the creation of new states on their soil. The First Crusade resulted in the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Principality of Antioch and the counties of Tripoli and Edessa at the expense of the Muslims; Latin rule in the Levant lasted for about two centuries and eventually collapsed in 1291. Byzantine Cyprus was conquered by King Richard I of England in 1191 and remained in Latin hands until 1571. Finally, after the Fourth Crusade, in the first decade of the thirteenth century, Latins extended their authority over large sections of the Byzantine empire, some of which remained under their sway as late as the seventeenth century; of special interest in our context are the Peloponnesus, where the Frankish Principality of Morea was created, the adjoining Duchy of Athens, and the islands of the Aegean. The conquest of the Levant and of most of the Byzantine lands was carried out by knights who imposed in their newly acquired dominions the feudal regime to which they were accustomed. Although originating from widely scattered areas in the West, the majority of these knights came from Capetian France and some neighbouring territories, while a small group of conquerors of Norman stock hailing from southern Italy and Sicily established itself in the Principality of Antioch. The ranks of the first settlers and their descendants were later reinforced by immigrant knights, mostly from the same areas.