Raisa Maria Toivo - Witchcraft and Gender in Early Modern Society

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WITCHCRAFT AND GENDER IN EARLY MODERN SOCIETY

Women and Gender in the Early Modern World

Series Editors: Allyson Poska and Abby Zanger

In the past decade, the study of women and gender has offered some of the most vital and innovative challenges to scholarship on the early modern period. Ashgates new series of interdisciplinary and comparative studies, Women and Gender in the Early Modern World, takes up this challenge, reaching beyond geographical limitations to explore the experiences of early modern women and the nature of gender in Europe, the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Submissions of single-author studies and edited collections will be considered.

Titles in this series include:

From Wives to Widows in Early Modern Paris Gender, Economy, and Law
Janine M. Lanza

Women, Identities and Communities in Early Modern Europe
Edited by Stephanie Tarbin and Susan Broomhall

Henrietta Maria Piety, Politics and Patronage
Erin Griffey

Midwifery, Obstetrics and the Rise of Gynaecology The Uses of a Sixteenth-Century Compendium
Helen King

Gender, Race and Religion in the Colonization of the Americas
Nora E. Jaffary

Witchcraft and Gender in Early Modern Society

Finland and the Wider European Experience

RAISA MARIA TOIVA
University of Tampere, Finland

First published 2008 by Ashgate Publishing

Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright Raisa Maria Toivo 2008

Raisa Maria Toivo has asserted her moral right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Toivo, Raisa Maria
Witchcraft and gender in early modern society: Finland and the wider European experience.
(Women and gender in the early modern world)

1. Women Finland Social conditions 17th century 2. Women Europe Social
conditions 17th century 3. Sex role Finland History 17th century 4. Sex role
Europe History 17th century 5. Witchcraft Finland History 17th century
6. Witchcraft Europe History 17th century 7. Finland History 17th century
8. Europe History 17th century
I. Title
305.4'2'094897

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Toivo, Raisa Maria.
Witchcraft and gender in early modern society: Finland and the wider European experience
/ by Raisa Maria Toivo.
p. cm. (Women and gender in the early modern world)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-7546-6454-3 (alk. paper)
1. WomenFinlandSocial conditions17th century. 2. WomenEuropeSocial conditions17th century. 3. Sex roleFinlandHistory17th century. 4. Sex roleEuropeHistory17th century. 5. WitchcraftFinlandHistory17th century.6. WitchcraftEuropeHistory17th century. 7. FinlandHistory17th century.8. EuropeHistory17th century. I. Title.

HQ1665.5.T65 2008
305.43'6309489709032dc22

2008002369

ISBN: 9780754664543 (hbk)

Contents

List of Figures

Table

During this project, I have needed and had the help and support of many people around me. I have worked the Department of History at the University of Tampere, where the professors were encouraging and helpful. Professor Pertti Haapala and Professor Irma Sulkunen have provided me with a room and a table with all the other necessary things that a woman researcher or writer will need, and I thank them for having me in the working community.

I want to thank all those who talked over the problems of writing and teaching during those years at the department coffee room. We had an encouraging and open atmosphere. Especially I want to thank Ph.D. Sari Katajala-Peltomaa and Reverend (Mag. Theol.) Sami Uusi-Rauva, both of whom shared an office with me for a while and Ph.D. Kirsi Salonen, who has shown the virtue of hard work ever since we were undergraduates. The four of us have shared books and opinions of them as well as troubling methodological questions, not to mention some soothing tea at times of stress.

I thank my ex-boss and currently a friend, Ph.D. Marko Nenonen, who took me seriously when I said Id like to have a go at the research-thingy when I was an undergraduate. He has read and commented my scribblings along the way, providing not only the comfort which only someone, who knows the material himself, can give, but also the necessary sounding-board to compare my own ideas with. Professor Brian P. Levack has also helped me in numerous ways in making this book happen, I am truly grateful for his thoughtful comments and honored to have had his help. I also owe thanks to Professor Petri Karonen from the University of Jyvskyl, who commented my manuscript when it was still a dissertation.

I have also learned a lot from the work with the Ashgate publishing team, especially from work with publisher Erica Gaffney and copyeditor Heather Dubnick. The expert reader, who remains anonymous, also gave valuable comments and hints to make the manuscript better. I have tried to act upon the advice, but wherever I still err in thought or spelling it must be my own fault.

This work has been funded by the Finnish Graduate School of History, the Department of History at the University of Tampere, the Pirkanmaa regional fund of the Finnish Cultural Foundation and the Jalmari Finne Foundation.

Lastly I want to express my gratitude for those who are closest and dearest to me. My son Kalle and my husband Janne have given reason to bear all the not so good phases of writing and working. I hope I can give them back us much as they have given me.

Raisa Maria Toivo

Once upon a time, at the end of the seventeenth century, there lived a peasant woman in Finland. Her name was Agata Pekantytr and, for the benefit of later historians, she was quarrelsome, possibly not a very pleasant sort of person. Her belligerence has left exceptionally many traces of herself in the legal and fiscal documents drawn up by the authorities of her locality. This work is the story of her and the likes of her, and an analysis of their relation to power, authority and status.

In fact, of course, there lived many women and men like her in rural Finland. The Finnish court records, forming a continuous series from the 1620s onwards, provide exceptional opportunities for historians working on the lives of men or women peasant farmers. If Agata is exceptional in representing in the Finnish early modern peasantry, the Finnish source material is exceptionally fruitful in international comparison.

A well-known British historian once entitled a collection of his essays The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century , claiming that it was a period of cultural, political and economic crisis. Historians have eagerly developed the notion to embrace the entire early modern period, defining it as a period lasting 300 hundred years with climate change and bad harvests, yet growing population and consequently growing poverty, continuous religious wars and political turmoil, and state-building, centralising government and a tightening control over the everyday lives of all.

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