Richard Turnbull - Shaftesbury: The Great Reformer
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Shining new light on one of Britains most celebrated figures, this new biography insightfully explores the beliefs underlying Shaftesburys passion for the poor
Drawing extensively from Lord Shaftesburys private journals, this accessible biography shows not just the story of his lifefrom his happy marriage and many children to his acts of Parliamentbut also how his faith led and equipped him to fight for justice in society. Lord Shaftesbury was one of the best loved politicians and social reformers of nineteenth century England. His deep compassion for the poor was legendary, as were his tireless campaigns to limit factory hours, stop the use of boys as chimney sweeps and children in coalmines, and to develop universal education. As a result he changed the character of English society forever. Revealing a moving portrait of a sensitive thinker, areas covered in this important biography include his upbringing and education; his work as a politician and his campaign for mental health; his contribution towards the founding of the Bible Society; his role as a defender of the Protestant faith; his personal theology; and much more.
Drawing extensively from Lord Shaftesburys private journals, this accessible biography shows not just the story of his lifefrom his happy marriage and many children to his acts of Parliamentbut also how his faith led and equipped him to fight for justice in society. Lord Shaftesbury was one of the best loved politicians and social reformers of nineteenth century England. His deep compassion for the poor was legendary, as were his tireless campaigns to limit factory hours, stop the use of boys as chimney sweeps and children in coalmines, and to develop universal education. As a result he changed the character of English society forever. Revealing a moving portrait of a sensitive thinker, areas covered in this important biography include his upbringing and education; his work as a politician and his campaign for mental health; his contribution towards the founding of the Bible Society; his role as a defender of the Protestant faith; his personal theology; and much more.
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SHAFTESBURY
THE GREAT REFORMER
RICHARD TURNBULL
Copyright 2010 Richard Turnbull
This edition copyright 2010 Lion Hudson
This edition copyright 2010 Lion Hudson
The author asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work
Published by Lion
an imprint of
Lion Hudson plc
Wilkinson House, Jordan Hill Road,
Oxford OX2 8DR, England
www.lionhudson.com
an imprint of
Lion Hudson plc
Wilkinson House, Jordan Hill Road,
Oxford OX2 8DR, England
www.lionhudson.com
ISBN 978 0 7459 5348 9
e-ISBN 978 0 7459 5731 9
e-ISBN 978 0 7459 5731 9
First edition 2010
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
All rights reserved
Text Acknowledgments
Scripture quotations taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version , copyright 1973, 1978, 1984 International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan and Hodder & Stoughton Limited. All rights reserved. The NIV and New International Version trademarks are registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office by International Bible Society. Use of either trademark requires the permission of International Bible Society. UK trademark number 1448790.
Scripture quotations taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version , copyright 1973, 1978, 1984 International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan and Hodder & Stoughton Limited. All rights reserved. The NIV and New International Version trademarks are registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office by International Bible Society. Use of either trademark requires the permission of International Bible Society. UK trademark number 1448790.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
CONTENTS
This book is dedicated to my family. Caroline, my wife, and my children Sarah, Katie, Matt, and Rebecca have had to live with the Earl of Shaftesbury for a good number of years at the meal table, in family quizzes, and even on holiday. I would also like to thank my eldest daughter, Sarah, and Sam Allen, both history undergraduates at the time, for their help in compiling the index. I am grateful to Lion Hudson for publishing the book and to Kate Kirkpatrick and Miranda Powell, my editors. I am also immensely grateful to the Trustees of the Latimer Trust for financial support of my research. The final writing took place during a period of study leave from my post as Principal of Wycliffe Hall, Oxford. For that privilege I would like to thank both the Council of Wycliffe and my staff colleagues.
Richard Turnbull
Oxford, Summer 2009
ABBREVIATIONS
Bible Society | British and Foreign Bible Society |
CMS | Church Missionary Society |
CPAS | Church Pastoral Aid Society |
LCM | London City Mission |
LMS | London Missionary Society |
London Society | London Society for the Promotion of Christianity Amongst the Jews |
RSU | Ragged School Union |
INTRODUCTION
The representatives of some 200 voluntary societies attended the funeral in Westminster Abbey of the Earl of Shaftesbury on 8 October 1885. These institutions ranged from missionary societies to benevolent associations for the poor. They included orphanages, schools, and asylums. There were also some surprises. Alongside those from the London City Mission and the Church Missionary Society were not only the Cab Drivers Benevolent Association and the Saturday Half-Holiday Movement, but also the London Anti-Vivisection Society and the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The Times reported that the gentlemens clubs and other significant buildings in St James Street and Pall Mall lowered their window blinds as a mark of respect. Apart from the great and the good, over 1,000 members of the public were able to attend, and to sing Charles Wesleys hymn, Come, Let Us Join Our Friends Above. This was also the opportunity for those from all sections of society to show their respect and affection for one who had benefited so many of his fellow countrymen, the great philanthropist, as the paper described him.
Even allowing for the nature of biography in the late nineteenth requires considerable qualification. What was it that brought together the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Mayor of London, royalty, and members of both Houses of Parliament alongside the committee members and beneficiaries of numerous small and disparate voluntary groups?
Perhaps it seems strange to commence a biography with a description of the funeral of the subject. Shaftesbury himself pointed to observing as a child the funeral of a pauper as one of the formative influences on his compassion in life. Shaftesbury was a complicated and complex figure, but also a towering one. His death marked the end of two eras, not just one. The age which had formed the Earls character was one of paternalism, aristocracy, deference, and duty. This was already passing when he was born. The age in which he lived, mainly that of Victoria, although the Queen herself had another sixteen years to live when Shaftesbury died, was both a romantic and a religious period. Shaftesbury encapsulated the ideal of the Christian philanthropist and evangelist. That combination was his lifes passion. Religion and life were not to be separated but integrated. The state and the voluntary society had equal claims to meet the social and religious needs of the nation. Sadly his death also marked the end, or at least the eventide, of the era of religions engagement with the public life of the nation in such a unique fashion.
Shaftesbury turned down high office because it would interfere with his calling. As late as 1866 he refused the Cabinet offices of Home Secretary, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and Lord President of the Council. To have taken government office would have required him to withdraw myself from the many and various pursuits which have occupied a very large portion of my life, and there were yet fourteen hundred thousand women, children and young persons to be brought under the protection For much of his life, the burden of debt bore heavily upon Shaftesbury he was not the best manager of money nor judge of whom to employ on his estate. When this is added to his deep religious understanding of the depravity of human beings, the sense of being alone in much of his campaigning, and his own attitudes to duty and role in life then it is not surprising that he faced such oscillations in mood and sense of worth.
So, let us return to his death and funeral. The Times stated that in Lord Shaftesbury there has passed away the most eminent social reformer of the present century one of the most honoured figures of our contemporary history the friend of the poor, the degraded and the outcast. The paper later added, Nothing is more astonishing in the catalogue of his exploits than their variety and comprehensiveness Lord Shaftesbury fills and will fill a special place in the annals of this century.
This book explores why.
C HAPTER 1
BORN INTO THE AGE OF REFORM: THE EARLY YEARS 18011822
On 23 February 1807 the House of Commons voted through the Bill for the Abolition of the Slave Trade by 283 votes to 16. Shaftesbury was less than six years old. Slavery itself became illegal in 1833, the year of the death of the great campaigner William Wilberforce. At that point Shaftesbury, in the Commons as Lord Ashley, was preparing to embark upon the task of the campaign for children working in factories exactly what Wilberforce had been criticized for ignoring, at least by the radical William Cobbett. A year earlier the Whig prime minister, Earl Grey, much to Lord Ashleys chagrin, started on the path of transforming the political system itself with the Reform Bill. This was a modest measure. It was designed to remove the historic representation from some scarcely populated towns (rotten boroughs), to provide for members of Parliament for the new larger cities, and to extend the franchise slightly. Nevertheless, for later historians this first move of political reform rather characterized the age.
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