Subhajyoti Ray - Transformations on the Bengal Frontier: Jalpaiguri 1765-1948

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TRANSFORMATIONS ON THE BENGAL FRONTIER

TRANSFORMATIONS ON THE BENGAL FRONTIER

Jalpaiguri 17651948

Subhajyoti Ray

First Published in 2002

by RoutledgeCurzon

Published 2013 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2002 Subhajyoti Ray

Typeset in Sabon by LaserScript Ltd, Mitcham, Surrey

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN 13: 978-0-700-71408-7 (hbk)

Contents

Comparative rise in rents (revenue) after the first settlement in the Dooars, 1870

Number of sleepers supplied from the Buxa forest division, 18791882

Expansion in the acreage under tea in Jalpaiguri, 1875/761891

Annual figures of death due to various causes among the tea labour in Jalpaiguri

Population growth in the Dooars, 1865/671921

Sale of occupancy holdings in Jalpaiguri, 18981905

Transfer of occupancy holdings divided into four classes in the district, 19081912

Total working population in the Jalpaiguri tea gardens, 19181931

Average price of rice in Bengal, 1927/281937/38

Arrears of revenue (rent) in the government estates of Jalpaiguri, 1931/321934/35

Sale and transfer of tenures and raiyati holdings in Jalpaiguri, 1929/301939/40

Increase in the price of essential commodities between 1938 and 1945 in Jalpaiguri

The amount of rice exported from the different rice mills of Jalpaiguri in 1939

Annual average yield in the tea gardens of Jalpaiguri, 19381947

Weekly food concessions to tea garden workers, 19411946

North Bengal, 1776

Jalpaiguri, 18691947

Intercensal population growth in Jalpaiguri Thanas, 19011931

This book is a revised version of my doctoral thesis. I am grateful to the trustees of the Felix Scholarship, the Overseas Reward Scheme, the Charles Wallace India Trust, the Gilchrist Educational Trust, the Leche Trust and the Hammond Trust for sponsoring my studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS). The Central Research Fund of the University of London and SOAS funded my fieldwork in India in 199495.

The staff of the Oriental and India Office Collections of the British Library (London), the National Archives of India (New Delhi), the West Bengal State Archives (Writers Building, Calcutta), the National Library (Calcutta), the Collectorate Record Room (Jalpaiguri), the District Library (Jalpaiguri), the Azad Hind Library (Jalpaiguri), the North Bengal University Library (Rammohanpur), the State Library of Cooch Behar, the library of the School of Oriental and African Studies, and the library of the London School of Economics have been helpful in connecting me to necessary books and documents.

During my field-work in India many friends and acquaintances showed active interest in my research and helped collect material. In Siliguri S. Ahmed shared with me his first-hand knowledge of tea plantation, while his son, Abu, looked after my comforts. Mandira Bhattacharya and Ananda Gopal Ghosh of the North Bengal University helped me with some rare literature on local history. In Jalpaiguri the District Magistrate, Mr. Siddharth, R.N. Roy, officer-in-charge of the Collectorate Record Room, Debasish Biswas and Partha Goswami were very helpful. In Cooch Behar, Gautam Chando Ray and Abdus Samad not only helped me collect material for research but also acted as generous hosts in spite of their own teaching and research commitments. My stay in Calcutta would not have been as delightful as it was without the enchanting company of my hostess Sandhya Basu Roy (my grandmother-in-law) and her sister Bela Datta Chowdhury.

Over the years I have had the privilege of being taught by Bipan Chandra, Harbans Mukhia, Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, Majid Siddiqi, Rajat Ray and Swaraj Basu. Many of the ideas developed in the book were picked up in their classrooms. More recently I have benefited immensely from my intellectual and social association with Suhit Sen, Daud Ali, Sugra Bibi, Ranjit Nayak, Lyuba Gurjeva, Roli Asthana, Shondeep Banerji, Srinandan Das Mahapatra, Sujala Singh and Subir Sinha. I am also grateful to Jonathan Price of the Curzon Press for agreeing to publish the book.

Peter Robb has been involved in this work for as long as I have been. As a supervisor he was caring, tolerant and inspiring. He not only enriched the thesis by sharing with me his formidable knowledge of the agrarian and labour history of eastern India, but also gave a friendly ear to the academic and non-academic ranting that I frequently subjected him to as a student. As a reader he was demanding. His comments helped the thesis graduate into a book.

Along with the Roys and the Basu Roys, Supriya, Reeti, Sudeep, Baisakhi and Nilanjan have been a constant source of emotional and material support. I am grateful for their unwavering confidence in me. My indebtedness to Ujjayini is too much to be expressed in a few words. I shall only say that one could not have had a better partner.

Finally, in spite of so much help from so many quarters, there may be errors in the book. They are entirely my responsibility.

S. Ray
New Delhi

BLAP	Legislative Assembly Proceedings, Bengal.
DC	Deputy Commissioner.
DPA	Dooars Planters Association.
DPA Report	Annual Report of the Dooars Planters Association.
EWP	Economic and Political Weekly
GOB	Government of Bengal.
IESHR	Indian Economic and Social History Review.
JAS	Journal of Asian Studies.
MAS	Modern Asian Studies.
NAI	National Archives of India (New Delhi).
OIOC	Oriental and India Office Collections of the British Library (London).
PBR	Proceedings of the Board of Revenue (Bengal).
SDO	Sub-divisional Officer.
WBSA	West Bengal State Archives, Writers Building (Calcutta).

Amlas	Zamindari officers.
Adivasis	Original inhabitants.

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