First published 1998
by Routledge
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29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2001.
1998 Routledge
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
One hundred twentieth-century philosophers / edited by Stuart Brown, Dian Collinson, Robert Wilkinson.
p.cm.
Includes biographical references.
1. PhilosophersBiography. 2. Philosophy, Modern20th century.
I. Brown, Stuart C. II. Collinson, Dian III. Wilkinson, Robert
B804.0551988
190'.9'04dc219730846
[B]CIP
ISBN 0-415-17996-3 (Print Edition)
ISBN 0-203-02750-7 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-17468-2 (Glassbook Format)
ONE HUNDRED TWENTIETH-CENTURY PHILOSOPHERS
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
Bredin, Hugh
Senior Lecturer in Scholastic Philosophy, Queens University, Belfast.
Brown, Stuart
Professor of Philosophy, Open University.
Bunnin, Nicholas
Fellow, University of Essex, and Director, Philosophy Project, Centre for Modern Chinese Studies, University of Oxford.
Cadwallader, Eva
Professor of Philosophy, Westminster College, Pennsylvania.
Carr, Indira Mahalingam
Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Exeter, Special Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Nottingham, Director of Exeter University Centre for Legal Interdisciplinary Development (EUCLID)
Chant, Colin
Lecturer in History of Science and Technology, Open University.
Colinson, Dian
Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, Open University.
Davey, Nicholas
Lecturer in History and Theory of Art, University College Llandalb.
Edwards, Jim
Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Glasgow.
Ellis, Anthony
Professor of Philosophy, Virginia Commonwealth University.
Everitt, Nicholas
Lecturer in Philosophy, School of Economic and Social Studies, University of East Anglia.
Fulford, K. W. M.
Professor of Philosophy and Mental Health, University of Warwick.
Gorner, Paul
Lecturer in Philosophy, Department of Philosophy, University of Aberdeen.
Jones, Barry
Formerly research student, University of Manchester.
Kuehn, Manfred
Associate Professor of Philosophy, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.
Lacey, A. R.
Senior Lecturer in Philosophy (retired), Kings College, University of London.
Lamb, David
Reader in Philosophy, Department of Biomedical Science and Bioethics, University of Birmingham.
Lee, Keekok
Reader in Philosophy, University of Manchester; Director of the Centre for Philosophy and the Environment.
Leggatt, Stuart
Research student, University of Reading.
Lewis, Peter
Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Manchester.
Lyas, Colin
Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Edinburgh.
Martin, R. N. D.
Self-employed; part-time work for the Open University.
Mason, Richard
Fellow of Wolfson, College, Cambridge and Tutor in Philosophy, Madingley Hall.
Mills, Stephen
Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Ulster at Coleraine, Nothern Ireland.
Outhwaite, William
Professor of Sociology, University of Sussex, Brighton.
Plant, Kathryn
Tutor in Philosophy, Open University.
Pollard, Denis
Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Glamorgan.
Quinton, Lord Anthony
Formerly President of Trinity College, Oxford and Fellow of the British Academy.
Reck, Andrew
Professor of Philosophy, and Director of Liberal Arts Program, Julane University, New Orleans; Editor; History of Philosophy Quarterly.
Reese, William
Former Professor of Philosophy, State University of New York at Albany.
Rickamn, H. P.
Visiting Professor in Philosophy, City University, London.
Sim, Stuart
Professor of English Studies, University of Sunderland.
Singer, Marcus
Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Walford, David
Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Wales, Lampeter.
Whitford, Margaret
Teacher, Queen Mary and Westfield College, London.
Wilkinson, Robert
Staff Tutor and Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, Open University.
Williams, James
Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Dundee.
LIST OF ABBREVIATED SOURCES
These abbreviations appear in the Sources field at the end of an entry, where the author gives the sources used in compilation of the entry. Periodical abbreviations, including indexes, derive from the initial letters of each significant word in the title, and remain in italic. Books, including annuals, use the authors or editors name(s), or a contraction of the title where this is not possible, and appear in roman.
AJP Australasian Journal of Philosophy
Becker Encyclopedia of Ethics, ed. Lawrence C. and Charlotte Becker, New York: Garland, 1992
Burkhardt Handbook of Metaphysics and Ontology, ed. Hans Burkhardt, Munich: Philosophia Verlag, 2 vols, 1991
CA Contemporary Authors: A Bio-bibliographical Guide to Current Authors and their Works, Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1962present
CBD Chambers Biographical Dictionary, various editions; 1994 edition ed. Magnus Magnusson
Corsini The Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, ed. R. Corsini, New York: John Wiley, 1987
DAB Dictionary of American Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press and New York: Scribners, various editions
Dancy & Sosa A Companion to Epistemology, ed. J. Dancy and E. Sosa, Oxford: Blackwell, 1992
DAS Directory of American Scholars, New York: R. R. Bowker, 1942present
DFN Dizionario dei Filosofi dei Novecento, Florence: Sansoni, 1976
DNB Dictionary of National Biography, London: Oxford University Press, various editions
DSB Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. G. C. Gillespie, New York: Scribners, 1970 present
EAB Encyclopedia of American Biography, second edition, ed. J. A. Garraty, HarperCollins (US), 1995
Edwards Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Paul Edwards, New York: Macmillan & Co., 1967
EF Enciclopedia Filosofica, Florence: G. C. Sansoni, 6 vols, 1967
Flew A Dictionary of Philosophy, ed. Antony Flew, New York: St Martins Press, revised second edition, 1984
Goldenson Longman Dictionary of Psychology and Psychiatry, ed. R. M. Goldenson, New York and London: Longman, 1984
Harr & Lamb The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology, ed. R. Harr and R. Lamb, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983
IDPP International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers, Bowling Green, OH: Philosophy Documentation Center, Bowling Green State University, seventh edition, 1992