John Irwin - The Jail: Managing the Underclass in american society
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The Jail: Managing the Underclass in american society
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Combining extensive interviews with his own experience as an inmate, John Irwin constructs a powerful and graphic description of the big-city jail. Unlike prisons, which incarcerate convicted felons, jails primarily confine arrested persons not yet charged or convicted of any serious crime. Irwin argues that jail disorients and degrades and instead of controlling the disreputable, actually increases their number of helping to indoctrinate new recruits to the rabble class. In a forceful conclusion, Irwin addresses the issue of jail reform and the matter of social control demanded by society.
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University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California
University of California Press, Ltd. London, England
1985 by The Regents of the University of California
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Irwin, John, 1929 The jail:managing the underclass in American society. Bibliography: p. Includes index. I. JailsSocial aspectsCaliforniaCase studies. 2. PrisonersCaliforniaCase studies. 3. Prison psychology. I. Title. HV8324.179 1986 365.60979461 851155 ISBN 0-520-06032-6 (alk. paper)
Printed in the United States of America
First paperback printing 1987
5 6 7 8 9
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.481984.
Page v
To Erving Goffman, who tried to teach me, but I wouldn't learn
Page vii
Contents
List of Tables
ix
Preface
xi
Acknowledgments
xv
1 Managing Rabble
1
2 Who Is Arrested?
18
3 Disintegration
42
4 Disorientation
53
5 Degradation
67
6 Preparation
85
7 Rabble, Crime, and the Jail
101
Appendix
119
Notes
123
Bibliography
135
Index
141
Page ix
Tables
1. Distribution of Charges in the Felony Sample (100 arrests)
19
2. Distribution of Charges in the Misdemeanor Sample (100 arrests)
20
3. Crime Seriousness
22
4. Relationship Between Crime Seriousness and Offensiveness
25
5. Relationship Between Offensiveness and Seriousness of Crime Among Arrestees Held over Ten Days in Jail
40
Page xi
Preface
Social scientists, like the general public, have shown a great interest in the prison but have almost completely ignored the jail. Since John Howard's historic report on English jails, The State of the Prisons in England and Wales (1777), there have been perhaps a dozen other reports (most of which are listed in the bibliography), whereas there are hundreds of studies on the prison. The opposite focus is more appropriate for several reasons. First, many more people pass through the jail. The estimates range from 3 to 7 million a year in the United States, and this is at least thirty times the number handled by all state and federal prisons. Second, when persons are arrested, the most critical decisions about their future freedom are made while they are either in jail or attached to it by a bail bond. These decisions, like the decision to arrest, are often highly discretionary and raise disturbing questions about the whole criminal justice system. Third, the experiences prisoners endure while passing through the jail often drastically influence their lives. Finally, the jail, not the prison, imposes the cruelest form of punishment in the United States.
Although recognizing the jail was more important, I too concentrated on the prison for many years. In the mid-1970s I made one attempt to begin a study of the the jail after Richard Hongisto, a personal friend, was elected sheriff of San Francisco and agreed to give me full access to the three jails he administeredno small matter, because social scientists have had more difficulty approaching the jail than the prison. However, the prison issue continued to absorb me, and I did
Page xii
not take up the offer. Finally, in 1979, after finishing a book on prisons, I again resolved to study the jail. Though Hongisto had resigned and a less adventurous sheriff had been appointed to replace him, Hongisto had created a prisoner services program through which I was able to circulate in the San Francisco jails. Prisoner services attempts to fill jail prisoners' myriad needs: contact with families, lawyers, friends, and employers; removal of detainers from other jurisdictions; and recovery of personal property. (In the middle of my research Michael Hennessey, a former prisoner services lawyer, was elected sheriff of San Francisco and gave full support to my study.) In 1979 and 1980 I was a caseworker on the felony floors of the three San Francisco jails that hold pretrial detainees. Several times a day I visited the felony "tanks" (large cells holding a number of prisoners) to gather "requests for action," clarify the requests that had been forwarded to the prisoner services' offices, and tell prisoners the response to their requests. On these visits I soon moved from outside the tank to inside where I engaged in many informal conversations with prisoners. Also I interviewed selected prisoners in private.
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