Jeffrey Gorsky - Exiles in Sepharad: The Jewish Millennium in Spain
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Exiles in Sepharad: The Jewish Millennium in Spain: summary, description and annotation
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The dramatic one-thousand-year history of Jews in Spain comes to life in Exiles in Sepharad. Jeffrey Gorsky vividly relates this colorful period of Jewish history, from the era when Jewish culture was at its height in Muslim Spain to the horrors of the Inquisition and the Expulsion.
Twenty percent of Jews today are descended from Sephardic Jews, who created significant works in religion, literature, science, and philosophy. They flourished under both Muslim and Christian rule, enjoying prosperity and power unsurpassed in Europe. Their cultural contributions include important poets; the great Jewish philosopher Moses Maimonides; and Moses de Leon, author of the Zohar, the core text of the Kabbalah.
But these Jews also endured considerable hardship. Fundamentalist Islamic tribes drove them from Muslim to Christian Spain. In 1391 thousands were killed and more than a third were forced to convert by anti-Jewish rioters. A century later the Spanish Inquisition began, accusing thousands of these converts of heresy. By the end of the fifteenth century Jews had been expelled from Spain and forcibly converted in Portugal and Navarre. After almost a millennium of harmonious existence, what had been the most populous and prosperous Jewish community in Europe ceased to exist on the Iberian Peninsula.
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A personal and accessible narrative that tells a remarkable story yet is grounded in solid scholarship.
Rabbi Daniel Bouskila, Sephardic Educational Center
With a broad scope that will appeal to a wide readership, this work will be useful as a comprehensive resource on the history of Spanish Jews.
Gregory B. Kaplan, author of Marginal Voices: Studies in Converso Literature of Medieval and Golden Age Spain
A lucid, readable summary... that brings the key personalities to life and explores the intricate relationship between religious hatred, politics, and economics.
Rabbi Hayyim Angel, National Scholar at the Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals and professor of Bible at Yeshiva University
Dedicated by Leon L. and Fran Levy and their children, Suzanne, Victor, and David.
Jeffrey Gorsky
The Jewish Publication Society | Philadelphia
University of Nebraska Press | Lincoln
2015 by Jeffrey Gorsky
Cover image is from the interior.
Author photo courtesy of Jamie Schelz.
A poem in chapter 6, The mind is flawed... , is reproduced from Wine, Women, and Death by Raymond P. Scheindlin by permission of the University of Nebraska Press. 1986 by the Jewish Publication Society. A poem in chapter 7, I weep like an ostrich... , is reproduced from Twilight of a Golden Age: Selected Poems of Abraham Ibn Ezra edited by Leon J. Weinberger by permission of the University of Alabama Press. 1997 by the University of Alabama Press.
All rights reserved. Published by the University of Nebraska Press as a Jewish Publication Society book.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gorsky, Jeffrey, author.
Exiles in Sepharad: the Jewish millennium in Spain / Jeffrey Gorsky.
pages cm
The dramatic one-thousand-year history of the Jews in Spain, from their heyday under Muslim and then early Christian rulewhen Jewish culture was at its height, like nowhere else in the worldto the late fourteenth century, when mass riots against the Jews forced conversions and eventually led to the horrific Spanish Inquisition and expulsion of the JewsProvided by publisher.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8276-1251-8 (pbk.: alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-8276-1239-6 (epub)
ISBN 978-0-8276-1240-2 (mobi)
ISBN 978-0-8276-1241-9 (pdf)
1. JewsSpainHistoryTo 1500. 2. SpainHistory7111516. 3. SpainEthnic relationsHistory. I. Title.
DS 135. S 7 G 67 2015
946'.004924dc23
2014042888
The publisher does not have any control over and does not assume any responsibility for author or third-party websites or their content.
To my wife, Renee; my daughters, Laura and Adrianna; and my parents, Lou and Rhoda.
This project, for many years, was my personal obsession. While I reached out to many people, few were aware of the compelling nature of Sephardic history, and as an outsider to this story I could not find anyone who had the time or interest to assist me. I was also neglected and eventually abandoned, serially, by two agents. For that reason I am extremely grateful to Rabbi Barry Schwartz with the Jewish Publication Society, who immediately recognized the importance of this subject, and to my editor at JPS , Carol Hupping. I am also grateful to the many scholars who shared my obsession and whose scholarship I relied on, and cribbed from, to tell this story. In particular David Raphaels The Expulsion 1492 Chronicles, an outstanding compilation and translation of primary source material, was an important resource for my research into this period. Finally, I thank Ira Shapiro for introducing me to my second agent, and Sharon Separ, who has long been my only reader and fan.
711: Tariq ibn Ziyad leads a Muslim army and invades Spain
73188: Abdul al-Rahman I establishes an emirate in Spain
929: Abdul al-Rahman III declares his kingdom to be a caliphate
91570 (c.): Hasdai ibn Shaprut
9931056 (c.): Samuel ben Joseph Halevi ibn Nagrela, grand vizier of Granada
1066: Massacre of Jews in Granada
10751141 (c.): Judah Halevi
113073 (c.): Benjamin of Tudela
11351204: Moses ben Maimon (Maimonides)
125284: Reign of Alfonso X (the Wise), king of Castile
1231: First Papal Inquisition established, to counter the Cathar heresy
1263: Disputation of Barcelona
135069: Reign of Pedro (the Cruel), king of Castile
1356 (c.): Synagogue El Transito completed in Toledo
1391: Mass riots and forced conversions spread throughout Castile and Aragon
141314: Disputation of Tortosa
142554: Reign of Juan II, king of Castile
1449: The Toledan rebellion
145474: Reign of Enrique IV, king of Castile
1474: Isabella ascends to throne of Castile
1480: Spanish Inquisition begins in Seville
142098: Toms de Torquemada
1485: Assassination of Pedro Arbues
149091: Blood-libel trial in La Guardia
1492: Catholic monarchs sign expulsion decree for Castile/Aragon
1497: General conversion of Jews in Portugal
1498: Expulsion decree in Navarre
1506: Anti-Jewish riots in Portugal
1629: Dutch conquest of Pernambuco
1654: Dutch surrender of Pernambuco to Portugal
1654: Twenty-three Jews from Recife arrive in New Amsterdam
Spain, 9101492. William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas (New York: Henry Holt, 1923). Courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, University of Texas at Austin.
Chance brought me to Spain. In 1982 I came to the end of my first U.S. Foreign Service tour in Colombia (Medelln and Bogot), with an onward assignment to Tokyo. A call from my assignments officer in Washington closed out Tokyo, and Santiago loomed in my future. A last-minute-assignment break brought me a new offer: Bilbao. In those pre-Guggenheim days, I knew the place-name only from a song by Kurt Weill and Berthold Brecht (Der Bilbao Song), but I needed no urging to accept a tour in Spain.
As a Jew in Bilbao, I was a statistical anomaly. Jews made up about .0001 percent of the population, fewer than tenall expatriatesin a greater metropolitan area of about nine hundred thousand people. The two years I spent in Bilbao gave me a few glimpses into Spains peculiar attitude toward Jews. The most revealing came after I attended a lecture on the history of Jews in the Basque country, given by a priest who served the expatriate community. Afterward, I introduced myself to him, noting that I was one of the few Jews in the city. To my surprise, he contradicted me: There are a mountain of Jews in Bilbao. He proceeded to recite a series of last names, none of which sounded Jewish to me. I promised myself that I would look for this invisible Jewish community.
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