Higgs Stephen - Chikungunya and Zika viruses : global emerging health threats

First Edition

Stephen Higgs

Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States

Dana L. Vanlandingham

Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States

Ann M. Powers

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States

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ISBN 978-0-12-811865-8

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Claudia Chiesa The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Pievesestina, Italy

Agnese Denicol The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Pievesestina, Italy

Ibrahima Dia Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal

Cheikh T. Diagne Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal

Diawo Diallo Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal

Mawlouth Diallo Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal

Alioune Gaye Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal

Scott B. Halstead Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States

Stephen Higgs Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States

Susan Hills Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States

Yan-Jang S. Huang Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States

Stefan W. Metz

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States

Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Thomas P. Monath Crozet BioPharma LLC, Devens, MA, United States

Manuela Morotti The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Pievesestina, Italy

Thomas E. Morrison University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States

Anna Pierro The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Pievesestina, Italy

Gorben P. Pijlman Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Ann M. Powers Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States

Jamal I-Ching Sam University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Vittorio Sambri

The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Pievesestina

University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Martina Tassinari The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Pievesestina, Italy

Dana L. Vanlandingham Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States

Pedro F.C. Vasconcelos Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil

Silvia Zannoli The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Pievesestina, Italy

This book brought together internationally recognized scientists with complementary expertise to compare and contrast the emergence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). Although belonging to two different genera, Alphavirus and Flavivirus, they share common transmission components, namely, human hosts and Aedes mosquito vectors (Higgs and Vanlandingham, by Zannoli et al . describes the current status of diagnostic platforms that have been critical to identify infected people and also to differentiate between infections with viruses, especially dengue, which can present as similar symptoms.

Although diseases caused by chikungunya and Zika virus infections have been recognized for many years, until recently they had attracted little interest by the scientific community and were essentially unknown to the general public. As described by Sam in ).

At an international conference in Malaysia in 2013, many of the international experts who have authored chapters for this book, met to discuss their data, research priorities, and options for control. At the end of this conference, one of the coeditors of this book, Ann Powers, commented to me that she had just been assigned to help investigate a suspect chikungunya/Zika outbreak on the Island of Yap. It soon became apparent that this outbreak was not due to Zika virus but due to chikungunya virus. This emergence involved rapid dispersal of infected travelers to areas where competent Aedes vectors were present, principally Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.

Although the chikungunya epidemic attracted considerable attention, because of the scale and more importantly, hitherto-unreported or rare severe diseases symptoms, ZIKV demanded much greater responses. In particular, the development of debilitating or fatal microcephaly in infants infected in utero highlighted our lack of understanding of this virus. by Scott Halstead not only describes human disease caused by the viruses, but also very importantly presents historical evidence to show that outbreaks of chikungunya virus had previously occurred in the Americas but had been misdiagnosed as dengue fever.