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Vern L. Bullough - Cross Dressing, Sex, and Gender

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In any society, the perception of femininity and masculinity is not necessarily dependent on female or male genitalia. Cross dressing, gender impersonation, and long-term masquerades of the opposite sex are commonplace throughout history.

In contemporary American culture, the behavior occurs most often among male heterosexuals and homosexuals, sometimes for erotic pleasure, sometimes not. In the past, however, cross dressing was for the most part practiced more often by women than men. Although males often burlesqued women and gave comic impersonations of them, they rarely attempted a change of public gender until the twentieth century. This phenomenon, according to Vern L. Bullough and Bonnie Bullough, has implications for any understanding of the changing relationships between the sexes in the twentieth century.

In most Western societies, being a man and demonstrating masculinity is more highly prized than being a woman and displaying femininity. Some non-Western societies, however, are more tolerant and even encourage men to behave like women and women to act like men. Cross Dressing, Sex, and Gender not only surveys cross dressing and gender impersonation throughout history and in a variety of cultures but also examines the medical, biological, psychological, and sociological findings that have been presented in the modern scientific literature. This volume offers the results of the authors research into contemporary gender issues and the search for explanations. After examining the various current theories regarding cross dressing and gender impersonation, the Bulloughs offer their own theory.

This book, widely deemed a classic in its field, is the culmination of thirty years of research by the Bulloughs into gender impersonation and cross dressing. Their groundbreaking findings will be of interest to anyone involved in the debate over nature versus nurture, and have implications not only for scholars in the various social sciences and sex and gender studies, but for educators, nurses, physicians, feminists, gays, lesbians, and general readers. This work will be of more personal interest to anyone who identifies as a transvestite or transsexual or who has been classified by medical and psychiatric professionals as suffering from gender dysphoria.

Cross Dressing, Sex, and Gender covers a wide range of cultures and periods. As the first comprehensive attempt to examine the phenomenon of cross dressing, it will be of interest to students and scholars of social history, sociology, nursing, and womens studies.

Review

For all scholars of psychology and sexuality, as well as the literate general public, historian Vern Bullough and nurse Bonnie Bullough have done an invaluable service in providing an overview of the phenomenon of cross-dressing. . . . This book is an important resource.Contemporary Psychology

[The book] synthesizes a vast array of original texts into a coherent picture of how culture structures gender and sexuality, even in its more uncommon forms. . . . An excellent addition to our understanding of these phenomena and a worthwhile resource for scholars, clinicians, and educators interested in sexuality and gender. The book should also prove very helpful to those struggling to understand these urges and behavior in themselves or in someone close to them.Journal of Sex Education and Therapy

With so much media interest . . . the publication of this book is timely. . . . It is extremely accessible and clearly structured. Every example is extensively and usually primarily referenced. The authors aspire to accuracy. . . . They demonstrate to the reader that gender-bending and blending is nothing new.Journal of Gender Studies

Painstakingly referenced and indexed, the book is a valuable resource for scholars and others interested in tracing gender-related phenomena through time. . . . An invaluable scholarly contribution.Nursing History Review

About the Author

Vern L. Bullough is SUNY Distinguished Professor in History and Social Studies at the State University of New York and in the School of Nursing at the State University of New York. Bonnie Bullough is Professor in the School of Nursing at the State University of New York. The Bulloughs have coauthored a number of books on various aspects of sex and gender, including Contraception: A Guide to Birth Control Methods and Women and Prostitution. Both have also written extensively, sometimes together and other times individually, on the issues of sex and gender, health care, and the history of science, medicine, and nursing.

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title Cross Dressing Sex and Gender author Bullough Vern L - photo 1

title:Cross Dressing, Sex, and Gender
author:Bullough, Vern L.; Bullough, Bonnie.
publisher:University of Pennsylvania Press
isbn10 | asin:0812214315
print isbn13:9780812214314
ebook isbn13:9780585172019
language:English
subjectTransvestism, Transvestites.
publication date:1993
lcc:HQ77.B785 1993eb
ddc:306.77
subject:Transvestism, Transvestites.
Page iii
Cross Dressing, Sex, and Gender
Vern L. Bullough and Bonnie Bullough
Picture 2
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS
Philadelphia
Page iv
Copyright 1993 by Vern L. Bullough and Bonnie Bullough
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bullough, Vern L.
Cross dressing, sex, and gender / Vern L. Bullough and Bonnie
Bullough.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8122-3163-5. ISBN 0-8122-1431-5 (pbk.)
1. Transvestism. 2. Transvestites. I. Bullough, Bonnie.
II. Title.
HQ77.B785 1993
306.77dc20Picture 3Picture 4Picture 5Picture 6Picture 792-32030
Picture 8Picture 9Picture 10Picture 11Picture 12Picture 13CIP
Third paperback printing 1995
Page v
CONTENTS
Introduction
vii
Part I. Cultural and Historical Background
1. Cross Dressing in Perspective
3
2. Mythology and History in the Ancient World
23
3. Cross Dressing and Social Status in the Middle Ages
45
4. Playing with Gender: Cross Dressing in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
74
5. Cross-Dressing Women and Men
94
6. Challenges to the Hierarchy
113
7. Women and Cross Dressing in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
145
8. Men, Gender Concepts, and Transvestism in the Nineteenth Century
174
Part II. Modern Perspectives
9. The Development of the Medical Model
203
10. Drag Queens and Cross Dressing on the Stage
226

Page vi
11. Transsexualism
253
12. The Emergence of Organized Transvestism and Its Implications
280
13. Current Explanations of Cross Dressing
312
14. What To Do About Cross Dressing
339
Postscript
360
Guide to Further Reading and Research
367
Index
373

Page vii
INTRODUCTION
Cross dressing is a simple term for a complex set of phenomena. It ranges from simply wearing one or two items of clothing to a full-scale burlesque, from a comic impersonation to a serious attempt to pass as the opposite gender, from an occasional desire to experiment with gender identity to attempting to live most of one's life as a member of the opposite sex. Early researchers, most of them physicians or psychiatrists, tended to utilize a medical model that conceptualized variations from the norms of sexual behavior as an illness or, in more recent years, as a behavior problem. Such definitions have been emphasized in an effort to arrive at the causes of a "disease" or "problem" and, once having achieved this, to take steps to "cure'' the patient or client.
One of the first steps in this process was to name and label the phenomenon. The term transvestism (Latin for "cross dressing") was coined by Magnus Hirschfeld in 1910.1 Havelock Ellis, his contemporary, felt that the term was much too literal, and that it overemphasized the importance of clothing while failing to include the "feminine" identity factors present in male cross dressers. More or less ignoring the possibility of female cross dressers, Ellis coined the term
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