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Robert J. Sternberg - Tacit knowledge in professional practice: researcher and practitioner perspectives

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Those responsible for professional development in public and private-sector organizations have long had to deal with an uncomfortable reality. Billions of dollars are spent on formal education and training directed toward the development of job incumbents, yet the recipients of this training spend all but a fraction of their working life outside the training room--in meetings, on the shop floor, on the road, or in their offices. Faced with the need to promote continuous learning in a cost-effective manner, trainers, consultants, and educators have sought to develop ways to enrich the instructional and developmental potential of job assignments--to understand and facilitate the lessons of experience. Not surprisingly, social and behavioral scientists have weighed in on the subject of on-the-job learning, and one message of their research is quite clear. This message is that much of the knowledge people use to succeed on the job is acquired implicitly--without intention to learn or awareness of having learned. The common language of the workplace reflects an awareness of this fact as people speak of learning by doing or by osmosis and of professional instinct or intuition. Psychologists, more careful if not clearer in their choice of words, refer to learning without intention or awareness as implicit learning and refer to the knowledge that results from this learning as tacit knowledge. Tacit Knowledge in Professional Practice explores implicit learning and tacit knowledge as they manifest themselves in the practice of six knowledge-intensive professions, and considers the implications of a tacit-knowledge approach for increasing the instructional and developmental impact of work experiences. This volume brings together distinguished practitioners and researchers in each of the six disciplines to discuss their own research and/or professional experience and to engage each others views. It addresses professional practice in its totality -- from the technical to the interpersonal to the crassly commercial -- not simply a few aspects of practice that lend themselves to controlled study. Finally, this edited volume seeks to go beyond the enumeration of critical experiences to an understanding of the psychological mechanisms that underlie learning from experience in professional disciplines and, in so doing, to lay a foundation for innovations in professional education and training.

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title Tacit Knowledge in Professional Practice Researcher and - photo 1

title:Tacit Knowledge in Professional Practice : Researcher and Practitioner Perspectives
author:Sternberg, Robert J.
publisher:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
isbn10 | asin:0805824359
print isbn13:9780805824353
ebook isbn13:9780585189680
language:English
subjectTacit knowledge, Cognition, Professions, Interdisciplinary approach to knowledge.
publication date:1999
lcc:BF317.5.T33 1999eb
ddc:305.5/53
subject:Tacit knowledge, Cognition, Professions, Interdisciplinary approach to knowledge.
Page iii
Tacit Knowledge in Professional Practice
Researcher and Practitioner Perspectives
Edited by
Robert J. Sternberg
YaleUniversity
Joseph A. Horvath
ConsultingGroup,IBMGlobalServices
Picture 2
LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS
1999 Mahwah, New Jersey London
Page iv
Copyright 1999 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, retrieval system, or any other means, without prior written permission of the publisher.
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers
10 Industrial Avenue
Mahwah, NJ 07430
Cover design by Kathryn Houghtaling Lacey
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tacit knowledge in professional practice: researcher and
practitioner perspectives / edited by Robert J. Sternberg
and Joseph A. Horvath.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 0-8058-2435-9 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN
0-8058-2436-7 (pbk. : alk. paper).
1. Tacit knowledge. 2. Cognition. 3. Professions. 4. Inter
disciplinary approach to knowledge. I. Sternberg, Robert
J. II. Horvath, Joseph A.
BF317.5.T33 1998
305.5'53dc21 98-33524
CIP
Books published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates are printed on acid-free paper, and their bindings are chosen for strength and durability.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Page v
This volume is dedicated to the memory of
Colonel Jeff McNally of the United States Army
Commander, colleague, contributor, friend.
May he rest in peace.
Page vii
CONTENTS
Preface
Tacit Knowledge in the Profession
JosephA.Horvath
ix
I. Law
1
1
Is Knowing the Tax Code All It Takes to Be a Tax Expert?
On the Development of Legal Expertise
GarryMarchantandJohnRobinson
3
2
What a Lawyer Needs to Learn
EdmundB.Spaeth,Jr.
21
II. Military Command
37
3
Experience, Knowledge, and Military Leadership
JosephA.Horvath,GeorgeB.Forsythe,RichardC.Bullis,PatrickJ.Sweeney,WendyM.Williams,JeffreyA.McNally,JohnAWattendorf,andRobertJ.Sternberg
39
4
Military Learnings: A Practitioner's Perspective
WalterF.Ulmer
59
III. Medicine
73
5
Expertise and Tacit Knowledge in Medicine
VimlaL.Patel,JosF.Arocha,andDavidR.Kaufman
75
6
Development of Expertise in Medical Practice
JamesJ.Cimino
101
IV. Management
120
7
Tacit Knowledge and Management
Chris Argyris
123
8
The Role of Tacit Knowledge in Management
141

Page viii
NicholasG.HatsopoulosAndGeorgeN.Hatsopoulos
V. Sales
153
9
Tacit Knowledge in Sales
RichardKWagner,HarishSujan,MitaSujan,CarolA.Rashotte,andRobertJ.Sternberg
155
10
Tacit Knowledge in Sales: A Practitioner's Perspective
ScottGregory
183
VI. Teaching
193
11
Tacit Knowledge in Teaching: Folk Pedagogy and Teacher Education
BruceTorff
195
12
Expertise in Teaching
JimMinstrell
215
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