Peter Christie - Unnatural Companions

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Copyright 2020 Peter Christie

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Keywords: Island Press, pets, conservation, biodiversity, biophilia, extinction, wildlife, cats, dogs, birds, exotic pets, Edward O. Wilson, sustainability, invasive species, wildlife disease, pet trade, pet food, pet industry, pet therapy, pet effect, nature deficit disorder, wildlife trapping, conservation dog, animal smuggling, parrot, axolotl, salamander, frog, snake, lizard, turtle, mammal, amphibian, reptile, fish, tropical fish, forage fish, Everglades, Burmese python, songbird, seabird, Xochimilco, Childrens Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Cornwall, Ontario, Mexico City, Montana, Alberta, Florida, lion, wild dog, black-footed ferret, guardian dog, cockatoo

For Hannah and Laura, as always.

Humanity is exalted not because we are so far above other living creatures, but because knowing them elevates the very concept of life.

E. O. Wilson, Biophilia

Whether society prefers to have wolves or dogs remains to be seen.

1989 editorial, Science magazine

My dog is watching. Lying not far from where I work, shes studying me. Around us, the morning is quiet; the sun is in the window, and the kids are at school. This is our habit: I type and glance at the dog; she lifts her head and returns my gaze. Her expression seems unmistakable: she wants to know what Im thinkingI think. Day after day, often a couple of times in an hour, Maggie and I repeat this workspace ritual. I look, and she looks back. Her head tilts, and her ears cock. They are brief moments, but theyre important. Theyre reassuring; our curiosity about one another, revisited again and again, is comforting. We share mutual incomprehension the way close friends swap stories. Something visceral and abiding and possibly essential is in it. (At least, for me; I can only guess for her.) It isor so I imaginethe tensile filament that connects us.

Maggie is the family dog and my latest pet. Ive lived with many others over the years: turtles, geese, lizards, fish, salamanders, hamsters, canaries, a gray squirrel. The list is long. Each time, I find myself believing the solitudes of our separate species are joined by some inscrutable link. When I was a teen, our family raised an orphaned raccoon. He would

Pet keeping is much older still. Its true origins, like many origins, are murky. One day around 30,000 to 40,000 years ago, the wolves joined our camp. A pup, lying somewhere in a dense Southeast Asian thicket, was happened upon by one of our ancestors who decided (remarkably) to scoop it up and raise it. Or maybe this was in northern Eurasia or in the Middle East or Europe. Maybe, according to a more recent suggestion, the wolves came willingly: A pregnant she-wolfconditioned by millennia of mutually beneficial contact between our two hunting speciesmade her den next door. Her young habituated to their two-legged neighbors, and an unprecedented partnership was born. The wolves came home, and everything changed. Evolutionfor both specieswas forever transformed. The animals shrank and became less menacing. Their faces squared, and their teeth became smaller. Their ears drooped. They accepted our affection. They tuned in to our peculiar wants and mysteries. They became pets. They became Maggie.

Why we humans wanted or agreed to this arrangement is far from obvious. The benefits of a domesticated wolf in our midstas a

Four decades ago, the Pulitzer Prizewinning Harvard biologist Edward O. Wilson explained this kind of fascination: Biophilia, he wrote, is our innate tendency to focus on life and lifelike processes. Were intrigued by animals and other living things quite naturally, Wilson argued. Evolution may well have wired us that way. By paying close attention to creatures and plants, our hunter-gatherer forebears learned the secrets they needed to hunt, forage, and survive. Over thousands of millennia, natural selection fixed the tendency into our DNA. Its fundamental to who we are. Wilson recognized the idea as profound. He also saw it as profoundly hopeful. Now in his tenth decade, the eminent biologist remains one of the worlds most impassioned voices for wildlife conservation. Years of fieldwork in distant jungles made him a horrified witness to the accelerating spectacle of plant and animal extinctions

This is the story of how biophilia went wrong. Its about what we can do to fix it. Our love of pets is at its heart: while Wilson hoped our innate fascination with other organisms would inspire us to end the extinction of wildlife, our connection to creatures is increasingly expressed not through our relationship with nature but through our companionship with pets. From the day we began coaxing wolves to become dogs, our urge to link our lives to other species has been transformed and subverted by our insistence that they live by our terms and by our side. With the human population exceeding 7.7 billion, the number of owned and captive dogs, cats, birds, fish, turtles, lizards, and other beasts around the world has soared like never before. Now, as the chapters of this book describe, our animals at home are profoundly affecting the survival of their remaining brethren in the wild. The stories I tell reflect just some of those I encountered combining journalistic purpose and chance, but similar examples are all around us: biophiliaexpressed as an ancient and apparently visceral desire to keep creatures for companyhas spawned a multibillion-dollar pet and pet products industry thats paradoxically contributing to a global conservation crisis. Its threatening the very diversity of life thataccording to Wilsons hypothesiswere evolutionarily programmed to cherish. Almost without notice and certainly without intent, Maggie has become a menace.