Fung - Numbers Rule Your World: the Hidden Influence of Probabilities and Statistics on Everything You Do: The Hidden Influence of Probabilities and Statistics on Everything You Do

NUMBERS RULE YOUR WORLD

THE HIDDEN INFLUENCE OF PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS ON EVERYTHING YOU DO

KAISER FUNG

Copyright 2010 by Kaiser Fung. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-0-07-174541-3

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To
Mum, Dad, Grandma, and Evelyn

Contents

Acknowledgments

I would like to acknowledge the guidance and assistance of Grace Freedson, Michele Paige, Micah Burch, Kate Johnson, Steven Tuntono, Beth McFadden, Talbot Katz, and my editors, John Aherne and Joseph Berkowitz. My two sisters and brother made invaluable contributions as my most plain-spoken critics.

In addition, throughout this project, I was inspired by fans of my Junk Charts blog, www.junkcharts.typepad.com .

Introduction

This is not another book about damned lies and statistics. That evergreen topic has inspired masterworks from Darrell Huff, John Allen Paulos, Ed Tufte, and Howard Wainer, among others. From the manipulative politician to the blundering analyst, from the amateur economist to the hard-selling advertiser, we have endless examples of what can go wrong when numbers are misused. Cherry-picking, oversimplifying, obfuscatingwe have seen them all. This book takes a different direction, a positive position: I am interested in what happens when things go right, which is to say, what happens when numbers dont lie.

The More We Know We Dont Know

What will we learn from Bernie Madoff, the New Yorkbased fund managerswindler who impoverished an exclusive club of well-to-do patrons over three decades until he confessed in 2008? Or from the Enron executives whose make-believe accounting wiped out the retirement savings of thousands of employees? Perhaps we ought to know why the reams of financial data, printed statements, and official filings yielded few clues to the investors, auditors, and regulators who fell for the deception.

What will we learn from the Vioxx debacle in which the Food and Drug Administration conceded, five years after blessing its initial release, that the drug had caused ten thousand heart attacks? Perhaps we ought to know why widely available health and medical information and greater scale and sophistication of clinical trials did not spare Vioxx inventor Merck, doctors, or patients from overlooking the deadly side effects.

We ought also to ask why, despite having access to torrents of stock data and company reports, most of us have not made a killing in the stock market. Despite tallying up the nutritional information of every can and every packet of food, most of us have not achieved the hoped-for bodily downsizing. Despite heavy investment in information technology, flight delays and traffic jams continue to get worse. Despite detailed records of our shopping behavior, many companies have but the slightest clue when we call their service centers. Despite failing to arrest cancer in patients during large-scale clinical trials, beta-carotene and vitamin pills keep flying off the pharmacy shelves.

These examples reveal the unpleasant surprise that the modern obsession with measurement has made us none the wiser. We collect, store, process, and analyze more information than ever beforebut to what end? Aristotles wisdom has never been more relevant than it is today: the more we know, the more we know we dont know.

Stories of a Positive Nature

We begin to overcome these failures by examining positive examples of how enterprising people are making sensible use of the new information to better our world. In the next five chapters, you will meet engineers who keep the traffic flowing on Minnesota highways, disease detectives who warn us about unsafe foods, actuaries who calculate how much Floridians must pay to insure homes against hurricanes, educators who strive to make standardized tests like the SAT fair, lab technicians who scrutinize blood samples from elite athletes, data miners who think they can detect our lies, lottery operators who face evidence of fraud, Walt Disney scientists who devise ever-clever ways to shorten queues, mathematicians whose ideas have set off the explosion of consumer credit, and researchers who offer the best tips for air travel.

These ten portraits feature some special men and women whose work is rarely celebrated openly. The reason for this neglect is that their achievement is not of invention, for which we shower awards and accolades, but of adaptation, of refinement, of salesmanship, and of perseverance. Their expertise is applied science.

The Statistical Way of Thinking