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John C. Falcocchio - Road Traffic Congestion: A Concise Guide

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Book:
Road Traffic Congestion: A Concise Guide
Author:
John C Falcocchio / Herbert S Levinson
Publisher:
Springer International Publishing
Genre:
Books / Romance novel
Year:
2016
City:
Cham
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Part I
Background

Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

John C. Falcocchio and Herbert S. Levinson Road Traffic Congestion: A Concise Guide Springer Tracts on Transportation and Traffic 10.1007/978-3-319-15165-6_1

1. Introduction

John C. Falcocchio 1

(1)

NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering, New York, USA

(2)

Transportation Consultant, Wallingford, CT, USA

(3)

Region 2 Urban Transportation Research Center, City College, New York, USA

John C. Falcocchio (Corresponding author)

Email:

Herbert S. Levinson

Email:

1.1 The Nature of the Problem

Congestion in transportation facilitieswalkways, stairways, roads, busways, railways, etc.happens when demand for their use exceeds their capacity.

Travelers tend to complain about traffic congestion because it adds to their travel time and takes away from the time they can dedicate to other activities. Truck drivers complain because it reduces their productivity and increases their operating costs. Transit service providers complain about roadway traffic congestion because it increases the number of buses and drivers needed to provide the service. Congestion increases business costs, air pollutant emissions and fuel consumed.

Congestion also can influence investment decisions, and therefore it becomes a major economic concern. It influences where people live, work and how they travel. Therefore reducing congestion benefits a wide constituency.

Traffic congestion has been a fact of city life from ancient times when movement was by walking and animal-drawn coaches to todays cities that rely on various means of mechanized travel. It is a byproduct of economic activities that grow faster than the growth in transportation infrastructure.

Traffic congestion is now found in cities throughout the world. It continues to increase as the cities population and motorization grow and as travel growth outpaces investments in roads and public transportation. The beginning of congestion is generally perceived by drivers when their trip time increases by approximately 0.40.5 min/mile, and they become acutely aware of congestion when it increases by 0.81.0 min/mile.

Traffic congestion may also be the hallmark of a vibrant economy: a city without a traffic congestion problem is likely to experience an economic recession, or a declining population. But where congestion is too pervasive and trip time reliability is a problem, the city may become a less desirable attraction for economic growth.

People who live a large metropolitan area are concerned about traffic congestion because it affects most of their daily activitiesarriving on time to work or at a business meeting, to meet a friend, catching a plane, etc.

Below are examples of different traffic congestion experiences and the type of responses that each engenders:

If you have moved your young family in the suburbs where you could afford the house and your commute has become longer and more stressful, you will favor the construction of more road capacity, or an affordable, faster transit service.
If you can afford to buy or rent in the central city, roadway traffic congestion may not bother you too much, but crowded buses or trains, or station platforms will. If you live in the city, therefore, you would favor improving transit service and bicycle routes for your mobility needs.
If you are an urban economist, you are concerned with marginal cost pricing and are likely to favor reducing traffic demand through congestion pricing. You will be supported by environmentalists and those living near congested roadways because less motor vehicle traffic improves air quality. But congestion pricing is likely to be opposed by suburban commuters because it will increase their commuting costupsetting the cost balance of their housing and commuting that they were counting on when they decided on the housing location choice. In addition, low-income commuters will tend to oppose congestion pricing preferring free roads that require waiting on traffic queues to toll roads that reduce congested travel.
If you are an environmental advocate you will support higher land density developments such as smart growth because you want to reduce the growth of vehicle miles of travel (VMT). But if you are a developer, you are concerned about the demand for high density housing in suburban areas.
Transportation planners and environmental groups advocate more transit capacity to encourage travelers to use transit service and they are typically joined by economists in promoting the idea of using revenues from congestion pricing to finance transit improvements.
If you are a traffic engineer, you will seek to reduce traffic congestion by removing capacity bottlenecks through capacity expansion, and you will favor the application of advanced technologies to improve the efficiency of the road network.

These examples show that the sources and perspectives of traffic congestion are many and diverse. In these examples there is no single overall solution to the congestion problem that meets every situation because the contexts are different. And where these contexts do not overlap it is usually impossible to find a solution strategy that satisfies every need.

1.2 Why this Book

This book has been prepared to fill the need for a clear and comprehensive look at the many dimensions of traffic congestion. It defines and describes congestion, explains its causes, describes its consequences, and identifies ways to provide congestion relief.

Traffic congestion has been extensively explored for many years in various articles and books. But these documents have usually treated congestion from specific perspectives (person travel or goods movement) or discipline (e.g., traffic engineering, transit operations, economics, land use planning and zoning).

In fact, there is no lack of interest or knowledge to reduce or manage urban traffic congestion to meet ones expectations. However, to implement solutions to the traffic congestion problem that are acceptable requires agreement among the diverse stakeholders involved. But these diverse stakeholdersincluding the various disciplinesare unlikely to find convergence on what needs to be done about the growing traffic congestion problem without a shared language and common objectives.

Although they may all use the same wordscongestion, mobility, accessibilityin debating the congestion issue, they do not necessarily share the same meaning that these words convey. To discuss and debate the congestion problem in a public forum it is necessary to use definitions and metrics that allow for clear and unambiguous exchange of ideas among interest groups. Traffic congestion solution strategies need to be described in terms that impacted stakeholders find relevant to their daily lives.

This book, therefore, has been prepared in response to the many needs for a comprehensive, clear, and objective look at the many dimensions and impacts of traffic congestion in metropolitan areas.

The book gives practitioners and researchers, local elected officials, and community leaders, information on urban traffic congestionits causes, characteristics and consequencesthey can use to create a framework that allows diverse interest groups to debate the issue of traffic congestion by using the joint platform of mobility and accessibility. To develop rational policies for managing the urban traffic congestion problem, a focus on mobility and accessibility is needed. Not just mobility as traffic engineers are inclined to favor; and not only accessibility, as smart growth advocates favor.

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