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Govardhana - Seven Hundred Elegant Verses

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Seven Hundred Elegant Verses
Author:
Govardhana
Publisher:
New York University Press
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New York
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Table of Contents

Guide

Artwork by Robert Beer.
Typeset in Adobe Garamond at 10.25 : 12.3 +pt.
XML-development by Stuart Brown.
Editorial input from Adam Bowles, Ridi Faruque
Chris Gibbons & Tomoyuki Kono.
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
T.J. International, Cornwall, on acid-free paper.

First Edition 2009

The Clay Sanskrit Library is co-published by
New York University Press
and the JJC Foundation.

Further information about this volume
and the rest of the Clay Sanskrit Library
is available at the end of this book
and on the following websites:
www.claysanskritlibrary.com
www.nyupress.org

ISBN- 13: 978-0-8147-3687-6 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN- 10: 0-8147-3687-4 (cloth : alk. paper)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Govardhana, th cent.
[Aryasaptasati. English & Sanskrit]
Seven hundred elegant verses / by Govardhana ;
translated by Friedhelm Hardy. Ist ed.
p. cm.
In English and Sanskrit (romanized) on facing pages;
includes translations from Sanskrit.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN- 13: 978-0-8147-3687-6 (cl : alk. paper)
ISBN- 10: 0-8147-3687-4 (cl : alk. paper)
I. Love poetry, SanskritTranslations into English.
I. Hardy, Friedhelm. II Title. III. Title: elegant verses.
PK 3794 .GA 813 2008
II. Title. III. Series.
PK 3796 .KS 58 2005
891.2100803543 dc
2008017030

CONTENTS

Sanskrit Alphabetical Order

Vowels:

Gutturals:

Palatals:

Retroflex:

Dentals:

Labials:

Semivowels:

Spirants:

Guide to Sanskrit Pronunciation

b u t

f a ther

s i t

f ee

p u t

b oo

vocalic r , American p ur-
dy or English p re tty

lengthened r

vocalic l, ab le

m a de, esp. in Welsh pro
nunciation

b i te

r o pe, esp. Welsh pronun
ciation; Italian s o lo

s ou nd

anusvard nasalizes the pre
ceding vowel

visarga , a voiceless aspira-
tion (resembling the En
glish h ), or like Scottish

lo ch , or an aspiration with a faint echoing of the last element of the preceding vowel so that taih is pro- nounced taih i

lu ck

blo ckh ead

g o

bi gh ead

a n ger

ch ill

mat chh ead

j og

aspirated j , he dgeh og

ca ny on

retroflex t , t ry (with the
tip of tongue turned up
to touch the hard palate)

same as the preceding but
aspirated

retroflex d (with the tip

of tongue turned up to
touch the hard palate)

same as the preceding but
aspirated

retroflex n (with the tip
of tongue turned up to
touch the hard palate)

French t out

ten t h ook

d inner

gui dh all

n ow

p ill

u ph eaval

b efore

a bh orrent

m ind

y es

trilled, resembling the Ita
lian pronunciation of r

l inger

w ord

sh ore

retroflex sh (with the tip
of the tongue turned up
to touch the hard palate)

hi ss

h ood

CSL Punctuation of English

The acute accent on Sanskrit words when they occur outside of the Sanskrit text itself, marks stress, e.g., Ramayana. It is not part of traditional Sanskrit orthography, transliteration, or transcription, but we supply it here to guide readers in the pronunciation of these unfamiliar words. Since no Sanskrit word is accented on the last syllable it is not necessary to accent disyllables, e.g., Rama.

The second CSL innovation designed to assist the reader in the pro- nunciation of lengthy unfamiliar words is to insert an unobtrusive middle dot between semantic word breaks in compound names (provided the word break does not fall on a vowel resulting from the fusion of two vowels), e.g., Mahabharata, but Ramayana (not Ramaayana). Our dot echoes the punctuating middle dot () found in the oldest surviving samples of written Indic, the Ashokan inscriptions of the third century bce .

The deep layering of Sanskrit narrative has also dictated that we use quotation marks only to announce the beginning and end of every direct speech, and not at the beginning of every paragraph.

CSL Punctuation of Sanskrit

The Sanskrit text is also punctuated, in accordance with the punc- tuation of the English translation. In mid-verse, the punctuation will not alter the sandhi or the scansion. Proper names are capitalized. Most Sanskrit meters have four feet ( pada ); where possible we print the common sloka meter on two lines. In the Sanskrit text, we use French Guillemets (e.g., kva samcicirsuh? ) instead of English quotation marks (e.g., Where are you off to?) to avoid confusion with the apostrophes used for vowel elision in sandhi.

SANDHI

Sanskrit presents the learner with a challenge: sandhi (euphonic com- bination). Sandhi means that when two words are joined in connected speech or writing (which in Sanskrit reflects speech), the last letter (or even letters) of the first word often changes; compare the way we pronounce the in the beginning and the end.

In Sanskrit the first letter of the second word may also change; and if both the last letter of the first word and the first letter of the second are vowels, they may fuse. This has a parallel in English: a nasal consonant is inserted between two vowels that would otherwise coalesce: a pear and an apple. Sanskrit vowel fusion may produce ambiguity.

The charts on the following pages give the full sandhi system.

Fortunately it is not necessary to know these changes in order to start reading Sanskrit. All that is important to know is the form of the second word without sandhi (pre-sandhi), so that it can be recognized or looked up in a dictionary. Therefore we are printing Sanskrit with a system of punctuation that will indicate, unambiguously, the original form of the second word, i.e., the form without sandhi. Such sandhi mostly concerns the fusion of two vowels.

In Sanskrit, vowels may be short or long and are written differently accordingly. We follow the general convention that a vowel with no mark above it is short. Other books mark a long vowel either with a bar called a macron ( a ) or with a circumflex ( a ). Our system uses the ________

macron, except that for initial vowels in sandhi we use a circumflex to indicate that originally the vowel was short, or the shorter of two possibilities ( e rather than ai, o rather than au ).

When we print initial a , before sandhi that vowel was a

, before sandhi there was a vowel a

When a final short vowel ( a , i , or u ) has merged into a following vowel, we print at the end of the word, and when a final long vowel ( a , i , or u ) has merged into a following vowel we print at the end of the word. The vast majority of these cases will concern a final a or a . See, for instance, the following examples:

What before sandhi was atra asti is represented as atr asti

Finally, three other points concerning the initial letter of the sec- ond word:

() A word that before sandhi begins with r (vowel), after sandhi begins with r followed by a consonant: yatha rtu represents pre-sandhi yatha rtu .

() When before sandhi the previous word ends in t and the following word begins with s , after sandhi the last letter of the previous word is c ________

and the following word begins with ch : syac chastravit represents pre-sandhi syat sastravit.

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