Kermani Bijan - Corrosion and Materials in Hydrocarbon Production

1. Chapter 1
2. Chapter 2
3. Chapter 3
4. Chapter 4
5. Chapter 5
6. Chapter 6
7. Chapter 7
8. Chapter 8
9. Chapter 9
10. Chapter 10
11. Chapter 11
12. Chapter 12
13. Chapter 13
14. Chapter 14
15. Chapter 15
16. Chapter 16
17. Chapter 17
18. Chapter 18

1. Chapter 1
2. Chapter 3
3. Chapter 4
4. Chapter 5
5. Chapter 6
6. Chapter 7
7. Chapter 8
8. Chapter 9
9. Chapter 10
10. Chapter 11
11. Chapter 12
12. Chapter 13
13. Chapter 14
14. Chapter 15
15. Chapter 17
16. Chapter 18
17. Chapter 19

Bijan Kermani

NACE Fellow (F NACE), Fellow of Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (FIMMM), Fellow of Institute of Corrosion (FICorr) Chartered Engineer (CEng)

Don Harrop

Honorary Fellow of the UK Institute of Corrosion (FICorr)
Honorary Fellow of the European Federation of Corrosion (EFC)

This Work is a copublication between ASME Press and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
This Work is a copublication between John Wiley & Sons Ltd and ASME Press

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ISBN: 9781119515722

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To our families

Government policy in the pursuit of a carbonneutral world economy has been a commitment adopted by an increasing number of industrial nations. However, for the foreseeable future, fossil fuels in which hydrocarbons will play a significant role are likely to remain the primary source of energy.

There is a continuing drive to increase the life of existing oil and gas field developments through a number of avenues. These include, for example, tiebacks from nearby smaller reservoirs, otherwise uneconomic to develop alone, and by increasing the recovery rate from existing fields. The average commonly reported recovery rates after primary (natural flow under existing reservoir pressure) and secondary (e.g. water injection, hydraulic fracking) enhancement operations for oil are between 35% and 45%. This could potentially be increased in certain reservoirs by a further 515% through tertiary recovery methods (e.g. reducing reservoir oil viscosity by CO2 flooding, steam, or surfactant injection). Nevertheless, there remains a continuing search for new economic sources of hydrocarbons, taking exploration activities into harsher environments through deep high pressure/high temperature (HPHT) wells, into geographically remote and/or increasing environmentally sensitive areas and deep water. This enterprise has created increased challenges: (i) to the economics of project development and field operations; (ii) on the performance envelope of existing oilfield technology; and (iii) in meeting Health, Safety and Environment (HS&E) commitments which can impact the Licence to Operate (LTO). Ensuring the mechanical integrity of facilities is therefore paramount. The accurate prediction of materials performance and their optimised selection in tandem with proactive corrosion mitigation are primary considerations at design and throughout a field's operating life.

Hydrocarbonsproducing facilities and infrastructures are potentially subject to both external and internal corrosion threats; in the case of the former from hostile and geographically remote operating environments, and in the latter from the presence of wet produced fluids and acid gases. Both these threat types impact materials selection, engineering design, and through life integrity management (IM).

Corrosion in its various forms remains a major potential threat to successful hydrocarbons production and its optimum control and management are essential to the costeffective design of facilities and their safe operations. Its impact can be viewed in terms of effect on capital and operational expenditure (CAPEX and OPEX) and HS&E and associated process safety risks. It is, therefore, essential to have a sound corrosion design and management philosophy for production facilities to safely handle and transport wet hydrocarbons enabling integrity assurance and troublefree operations. Such a philosophy can be used in the technical/commercial assessment of new field development and in prospect evaluation, to prolong the life of ageing assets and, for handling sour fluids by facilities not normally designed for sour service. The book sets out to provide such a philosophy in a pragmatic manner.

The book is intended to be suitable for both practising materials and corrosion engineers working in hydrocarbons production as well as those entering the area who may not be fully familiar with the subject. It is not a textbook; rather it is a practical manual/ready reference source to steer design and operations engineers to currently established best practice drawn on the many years' global experience of the book's authors and contributors. It embodies over 500years of cumulative field and engineering experience.