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Etehadtavakol Mahnaz - Application of Infrared to Biomedical Sciences

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Application of Infrared to Biomedical Sciences
Author:
Etehadtavakol Mahnaz / Ng Y K Eddie
Publisher:
Springer Singapore
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2017
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Singapore
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Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017

Eddie YK Ng and Mahnaz Etehadtavakol (eds.) Application of Infrared to Biomedical Sciences Series in BioEngineering 10.1007/978-981-10-3147-2_1

Potential of Infrared Imaging in Assessing Digestive Disorders

Mahnaz Etehadtavakol 1, 2, Eddie Y. K. Ng 3 and Mohammad Hassan Emami 1, 2

(1)

Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

(2)

Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Poursina Hakim Research Institute, Isfahan, Iran

(3)

School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore

Eddie Y. K. Ng

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Abstract

Thermography or infrared imaging is determined by detailed investigation of skin and cells temperatures . It helps clinicians to detect the regions of irregular chemical and blood vessel action in body tissue . The drive of biomedical industry with consequent rapid development in other areas of biomedical imaging has also strongly influenced the destiny of thermography in biomedical practice . During past few decades, the joint efforts of biomedical engineering and medical professionals have resulted in evolution of technological progress in infrared sensor technology, image processing, organized repository of knowledge, and their overall integration into a system. All these enabled the new tools of research and use in medical thermography. Thermography is a simple, noninvasive and reproducible test that can accurately reflect the inflammatory activities, and can be used safely and repeatedly, during biological course of inflammatory bowel disease. Objective of this study is presenting the possibility of infrared imaging in assessing digestive disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome , diverticulitis and Crohns disease .

Keywords

Thermography Digestive disorders

Introduction

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) influences chronic inflammation of all or part of the digestive section (Fig. ]. While during Stage III tumors have already spread to lymph nodes or Stage IV tumors have spread to more than one part of the body, improvement is difficult. However, by early detection of polyps and precancerous cells, we are able to increase chance of improvement. Therefore, a safe, noninvasive, reproducible, and standard adjunctively method that has potential for colon cancer early detection is appreciable. Common standard diagnostic tests to evaluate IBD involve clinical examination, laboratory tests, activity evidence as well as several imaging techniques.

Fig. 1

Thermogram of an irritable bowel syndrome patient

The first documented practice of thermobiological signs happens to be the written works of Hippocrates at about 480 BC. Wet mud spread all over a patient to investigate the regions would dry first in order to achieve the hidden pathology of organs. Thereupon, by advanced studies and researches it has been confirmed that particular temperatures interrelated to organs of body were definitely indicative of healthy and unhealthy pathological mechanism []. Furthermore, a patent was filed by C. Herman in Johan Hopkins University in 2015 for 3D thermal imaging for the detection of skin lesions and other natural and abnormal conditions (US 20130116573 A1). In future work, 3D thermal imaging would be useful to visualize internal organs for promoting digestive disorders diagnosis. This paper is organized as follows: Methodology is explained in Methodology section, eighteen case reports are presented in Case Reports section, results are discussed in Results section, and Conclusion section concludes the findings.

Methodology

In this paper, presented case reports were patients with different indications of IBD and colorectal cancer. Various diagnostic tests including physical examinations, different laboratory tests, and different imaging tests were performed for each case. Different tests include the microbiology testing of stool samples, C-reactive protein, calprotectin, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, multidetector computed tomography, total colonoscopy, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the abdomen or MR enterocolography, upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, histopathology testing, MR enterography, and terminal ileoscopy. However, thermal imaging was performed for all the cases. Details of different tests will be explained in Case Reports section for each case separately.

2.1 Thermal Imaging Protocol Guidelines

We briefly explain some guidelines to provide thermal images to detect probably some digestive disorders []:

Imaging should be done before planning for endoscopy, to eliminate any potential influence of bowel cleansing and endoscopic mechanism.
Imaging can be done in two interval times: before beginning the therapy and after the patient had attained the remission, as reported by clinical, laboratory and endoscopic evaluation [].
The imaging itself can be progressed in this way;
1. i.
  Patients position in front of the camera, approximately at 1 m; so that the whole abdomen was captured by the camera lens.
2. ii.
  Patients are undressed and requested to stand in front of the camera not touching there abdomen for the sake of attaining thermal equilibrium .
3. iii.
  The process takes about 510 min.
4. iv.
  Consequently to attain equilibrium the patients abdomen is cooled with alcohol and then interval thermal image can be taken after equilibrium is attained again.
5. v.
  Differences in thermal patterns and peak temperatures are captured.
6. vi.
  Taken thermal images can be divided into four quadrants representing colonic segments: rectosigmoid, descending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon.
7. vii.
  The same process of thermal imaging can be performed before beginning of therapy and consequently to achieve clinical remission of the disease.
8. viii.
  Differences in observed thermal patterns and peak temperatures can be compared.

Case Reports

Case report I : In this report, a 43-year-old male patient presented to the emergency room with severe abdominal pain . Before admittance to the hospital, an esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed that showed carcinoma on the back wall of the gastric corpus. The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma was confirmed by the pathohistological analysis. After admittance, the preoperative workup including laboratory testing and imaging methods for staging the carcinoma was performed. Laboratory testing indicated no abnormalities; however, the preformed Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) indicated thickening of the gastric small curve 4 cm in diameter and a couple of affected perigastric lymph nodes. It is shown in Fig..

Fig. 2

MDCT showing gastric carcinoma indicated by red part prior operation of a 43 years male []

Besides the observations in the stomach, the MDCT also revealed nonspecific opacification of the colon wall that could show an inflammatory process as it is demonstrated in Fig..

Fig 3 Colon diverticula and opacification of the colon wall as revealed with - photo 3

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