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Huang Yanjiang - Mechanism and machine science: proceedings of ASIAN MMS 2016 & CCMMS 2016

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Huang Yanjiang Mechanism and machine science: proceedings of ASIAN MMS 2016 & CCMMS 2016

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Robotics and Mechatronics; 1 Path Planning for Underwater Gliders with Motion Constraints; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Underwater Glider Path Planning; 2.1 Underwater Glider Modeling; 2.2 Underwater Glider Motion Constraints; 2.3 Artificial Potential Fields; 3 Numerical Simulation; 4 Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; 2 A Novel Method for the Motion Planning of Hyper-redundant Manipulators Based on Monte Carlo; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Description of Hyper-redundant Manipulator; 2.1 Kinematic of Hyper-redundant Manipulator; 2.2 Manipulator Workspace Determination.;These proceedings collect the latest research results in mechanism and machine science, intended to reinforce and improve the role of mechanical systems in a variety of applications in daily life and industry. Gathering more than 120 academic papers, it addresses topics including: Computational kinematics, Machine elements, Actuators, Gearing and transmissions, Linkages and cams, Mechanism design, Dynamics of machinery, Tribology, Vehicle mechanisms, dynamics and design, Reliability, Experimental methods in mechanisms, Robotics and mechatronics, Biomechanics, Micro/nano mechanisms and machines, Medical/welfare devices, Nature and machines, Design methodology, Reconfigurable mechanisms and reconfigurable manipulators, and Origami mechanisms. This is the fourth installment in the IFToMM Asian conference series on Mechanism and Machine Science (ASIAN MMS 2016). The ASIAN MMS conference initiative was launched to provide a forum mainly for the Asian community working in Mechanism and Machine Science, in order to facilitate collaboration and improve the visibility of activities in the field. The series started in 2010 and the previous ASIAN MMS events were successfully held in Taipei, China (2010), Tokyo, Japan (2012), and Tianjin, China (2014). ASIAN MMS 2016 was held in Guangzhou, China, from 15 to 17 December 2016, and was organized by the South China University under the patronage of the IFToMM and the Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society (CMES). The aim of the Conference was to bring together researchers, industry professionals and students from the broad range of disciplines connected to Mechanism Science in a collegial and stimulating environment. The ASIAN MMS 2016 Conference provided a platform allowing scientists to exchange notes on their scientific achievements and establish new national and international collaborations concerning the mechanism science field and its applications, mainly but not exclusively in Asian contexts.

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Part I
Robotics and Mechatronics
Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017
Xianmin Zhang , Nianfeng Wang and Yanjiang Huang (eds.) Mechanism and Machine Science Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 10.1007/978-981-10-2875-5_1
Path Planning for Underwater Gliders with Motion Constraints
Zhiliang Wu 1
(1)
School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
(2)
National Ocean Technology Center, 219 Jieyuanxi Rd, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300112, China
Zhiliang Wu (Corresponding author)
Email:
Mengyuan Zhao
Email:
Yanhui Wang
Email:
Yuhong Liu
Email:
Hongwei Zhang
Email:
Shuxin Wang
Email:
Ermai Qi
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Abstract
The underwater glider technology is a promising ocean observing technique. This paper presents path planning for underwater gliders as they travel in the water. The objective is that the underwater glider arrives at the destined depth while avoiding the obstacles in the way. Artificial potential field approach is used in the path planning algorithm, which is featured by adding motion constraints of the underwater glider into path generation.
Keywords
Underwater glider Path planning Artificial potential field Motion constraint
Introduction
Underwater gliders are one type of autonomous underwater vehicles and have been increasingly used in oceanographic observations. Their outstanding advantage of long endurance make them competitive to conventional autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). They have been used to obtain long-term oceanographic parameters for scientific research purpose in both shallow waters and deep oceans. Unlike AUVs, underwater gliders use a pair of wings to glide downward and upward in the water, following a sawtooth path, and communicate with the shore station when surfacing. Figure shows the typical trajectory of underwater gliders.
Fig 1 Typical underwater glider trajectory Underwater gliders usually take - photo 1
Fig. 1
Typical underwater glider trajectory
Underwater gliders usually take paths that are prescribed beforehand. Following the preset paths, underwater gliders should be able to safely measure the specific parameters with a certain sampling resolution. A safe measurement is defined as no collision with obstacles during observation. The obstacles that underwater gliders need to be avoided include those on the water surface, such as ships or boats and islands, as well as those that are in the water, such as the sea floor and underwater valleys. Interference between the objects at the water surface and the surfacing locations or collision with obstacles in the water may cause fatal damage and even loss of the underwater glider []. Hence, path planning for underwater gliders have attracted peoples attention.
Most work focused on development of path planning algorithms for underwater gliders aims to generate either a collision-free path or an energy efficient path at the ocean surface, assuming that the obstacles are known ahead of planning []. However, underwater gliders may also encounter underwater obstacles. Under such circumstances, the underwater path taken by the underwater glider needs to be adjusted according to its motion constraints, such as the gliding angle and the turning radius. The overall path at the water surface may also need to be re-planned accordingly.
Artificial potential field (APF) approach was proposed by Khatib []. This approach has been widely used for ground vehicles, aircrafts, and underwater vehicles. Compared with mobile robots travelling over rigid terrain, aircrafts and underwater gliders can move more freely in an open 3D space if no constraints are posted. But for an underwater glider that has to follow a path with a certain glide slope, it will have to select a collision-free path on a spiral surface. It is also required to be steered according to the minimum turning radius requirement, which is similar to the ground vehicles. This paper presents path planning for underwater gliders when obstacles are detected in the water. Artificial potential field (APF) approach is used in the path planning strategy and the motion of the underwater glider is constrained in path generation.
The rest of this paper is arranged as follows: Sect. concludes this paper.
Underwater Glider Path Planning
In an oceanic observation, the underwater glider is supposed to autonomously find a safe path from the start point to the goal. It should arrive the destined depth and simultaneously measure the oceanographic parameters with a certain resolution along the path. A complete path planning for the underwater glider therefore refers to generation of a no-collision path for both surfacing locations and underwater movement.
As the underwater glider moves in the water, it dives or goes up with specific motion parameters. It has to avoid obstacles detected by the sensors on board and approaches the destined depth and the specified waypoints for surfacing as closely as possible. When an obstacle is present and interferences with the underwater gliders current path in the water, a detour is needed and the underwater glider may have to change its current direction to avoid collision with the obstacle.
This section describes the artificial potential fields that are applied to represent the relations between the underwater glider and the goal, as well as the underwater glider and the obstacle. The underwater gliders motion constraints are also explained in this section.
2.1 Underwater Glider Modeling
The underwater glider is analogous to the gliders in the air, but it descends and ascends in the water by changing buoyancy to negative or positive states. The net buoyancy is controlled by an internal buoyancy engine, as shown in Fig.. The underwater glider moves the sliding and rotating masses to control its pitch and roll, while uses the rudder to control yaw and heading.
Fig 2 Schematic diagram of a conventional underwater glider 22 - photo 2
Fig. 2
Schematic diagram of a conventional underwater glider []
2.2 Underwater Glider Motion Constraints
As the underwater glide travels up and down in the water, its motion is subjected to certain constraints. Usually, the underwater glider is flown at a certain gliding angle in one observation according to the scientific research requirement [. Another motion constraint that cannot be ignored in path planning is the turning radius, especially in shallow waters where the underwater glider may have to inflect frequently. The underwater glider is steered by shifting the rotating mass and rolls to turn. A minimum turning radius is therefore determined by the structure and physical properties of the underwater glider. For a specific operation, the constraints on the gliding angle and the turning radius R can be expressed as Fig 3 Schematic diagram of - photo 3 and the turning radius R can be expressed as:
Fig 3 Schematic diagram of force balance and angle relationship side view - photo 4
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