Kohler-Langes - The Electron Mass and Calcium Isotope Shifts

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Springer International Publishing AG 2017

Florian Khler-Langes The Electron Mass and Calcium Isotope Shifts Springer Theses Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research 10.1007/978-3-319-50877-1_1

1. Introduction

Florian Khler-Langes 1

(1)

Department of Stored and Cooled Ions, Max-Planck-Institut fr Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany

Florian Khler-Langes

Email:

1.1 Quantum Electrodynamics and the Standard Model of Particle Physics

Today, the most fundamental models to describe the physical structure and dynamics of nature are based on quantum field theories. The collection of three quantum field theories: (1) quantum electrodynamics (QED), describing the electromagnetic interaction, (2) quantum flavordynamics (QFD), describing the weak interaction and (3) quantum chromodynamics (QCD), describing the strong interaction, are called the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. The elementary assumption of local gauge invariance of these quantum field theories stimulated the development of the so-called Higgs mechanism in the 1960s, which explains the generation of all particle masses via spontaneous symmetry breaking [].

Aside from the tremendous predictive capabilities of the SM, which are partly highlighted in Chap. which up to now cannot be predicted.

The incompleteness of the SM requires further experiments, which on the one hand look for new physics at so far unreached energy scales, e.g. via the large-scale LHC experiments [. In this thesis the work on high-precision measurements of bound-electron g -factors is continued, which nowadays probes QED in the strongest electric fields on the highest level of precision and moreover provides a unique access to high-precision measurements of fundamental constants, e.g. the electron mass.

1.2 Content and Structure of the Thesis

When I arrived in Mainz in autumn 2011, I came upon an experimental apparatus for the measurement of bound-electron g -factors of highly charged ions, which was in an excellent shape, thanks to the great work of my preceding Ph.D colleagues: Birgit Schabinger, Sven Sturm and Anke Wagner (nowadays: Anke Kracke). In the beginning of 2011 Sven Sturm had performed the most stringent test of bound-state quantum electrodynamics, by measuring the g -factor of hydrogenlike Si [].

This thesis proceeds the experimental agenda of bound-electron -factor measurements with highly charged ions. It covers three individual physical tasks:

• The electrons atomic mass has been determined with so far unrivaled precision. The relative uncertainty of surpasses the current literature value by a factor of 13.
• The first measurement of the isotope shift in atomic g -factors has been performed with highly charged ions, by measuring the bound-electron g -factor difference of lithiumlike Ca and Ca . The corresponding calculations require bound-state QED theory beyond the external field approximation of the nucleus, providing a unique access to QED beyond the well-established Furry picture.
• Furthermore, a completely revised Penning trap design has been calculated. The layout comprises seven cylindrical electrodes, which provide an extremely harmonic trapping potential. The seven-electrode Penning trap represents a central building block of an experimental upgrade, planned in the near future, which will enable a high-precision measurement of the atomic mass of the proton.

Due to the variety of these topics, the thesis is structured as follows: In Chap..

References

Higgs, P.W.: Broken symmetries, massless particles and gauge fields. Phys. Lett. (2), 132133 (1964)

Englert, F., Brout, R.: Broken symmetry and the mass of gauge vector mesons. Phys. Rev. Lett. (9), 321323 (1964) ADS MathSciNet CrossRef

Guralnik, G.S., Hagen, C.R., Kibble, T.W.B.: Global conservation laws and massless particles. Phys. Rev. Lett. (20), 585587 (1964) ADS CrossRef

Ellis, J., You, T.: Updated global analysis of higgs couplings. JHEP 1306 , 103 (2013) ADS CrossRef

Peter, A.H.G.: Dark Matter: A Brief Review. arXiv:1201.3942 . (2012)

Peebles, P.J.E., Ratra, B.: The Cosmological constant and dark energy. Rev. Mod. Phys. , 559606 (2003) ADS MathSciNet CrossRef MATH

Fukuda, Y., et al.: Evidence for oscillation of atmospheric neutrinos. Phys. Rev. Lett. (8), 15621567 (1998) ADS CrossRef

Ahmad, Q.R., et al.: Measurement of the rate of interactions produced by solar neutrinos at the sudbury neutrino observatory. Phys. Rev. Lett. (7), 071301 (2001) ADS CrossRef

Ellis, J.R.: Limits of the standard model. arXiv:hep-ph/0211168 . (2002)

The ATLAS Collaboration: The ATLAS experiment at the CERN large hadron collider. J. Instrum. (08), S08003 (2008)

The CMS Collaboration: CMS physics technical design report, volume II: physics performance. J. Phys. G (6), 995 (2007)

Tomonaga, S.-I., Schwinger, J., Feynman, R.P.: Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 - Presentation Speech. (1965)

Sturm, S.: The g-factor of the electron bound in The most stringent test of bound-state quantum electrodynamics. Doktorarbeit. (2012)

Wagner, A.: The g-factor of the valence electron bound in lithiumlike silicon The most stringent test of relativistic many-electron calculations in a magnetic field. Doktorarbeit. (2013)

Footnotes

The 19 input parameters of the SM include the particle masses for the electron, muon, tau and the six quarks, the three CKM mixing angles, the CKM cp-violating phase, the gauge coupling constants of the electric, the weak and the strong force, the QCD vacuum angle, the Higgs vacuum expectation value and the Higgs mass.

Springer International Publishing AG 2017

Florian Khler-Langes The Electron Mass and Calcium Isotope Shifts Springer Theses Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research 10.1007/978-3-319-50877-1_2

2. The g -Factor - Exploring Atomic Structure and Fundamental Constants

Florian Khler-Langes 1

(1)

Department of Stored and Cooled Ions, Max-Planck-Institut fr Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany

Florian Khler-Langes

Email:

Slightly more than 100 years ago Ernest Rutherford in 1911 and Niels Bohr in 1913 made the first fundamental steps to explain the atomic structure of nature []. In the following chapter I will illuminate the present understanding of the fundamental electromagnetic dynamics in atomic structure. The main focus will be set on the present workhorse of the underlying theory, the so-called bound-state quantum electrodynamics (BS-QED): the bound-electron g -factor.

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