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Briske - Rangeland Systems: Processes, Management and Challenges

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Briske Rangeland Systems: Processes, Management and Challenges
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1. Conceptual development toward a rangeland systems framework -- Part: 1 Processes -- 2. Woody plant encroachment -- 3. Ecohydrology: processes and implications for rangelands -- 4. Soil and belowground processes -- 5. Structural heterogeneity as the basis for rangeland management -- 6. Non-equilibrium ecology and resilience theory -- 7. Ecological consequences of climate change on rangelands -- Part: 2 Management -- 8. Rangelands as social-ecological systems -- 9. State and transition models: theory, applications, and challenges -- 10. Livestock production systems -- 11. Adaptive management of rangeland systems -- 12. Managing the livestock-wildlife interface on rangelands -- Part: 3 Challenges -- 13. Invasive plant species and novel rangeland systems -- 14. Rangeland ecosystem services: natures supply and humans demand -- 15. Managing climate change risks in rangeland systems -- 16. Monitoring protocols: options, approaches, implementation, benefits -- 17. Rangeland systems in developing nations: conceptual advances and societal implications.;This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 2.5 license. This book provides an unprecedented synthesis of the current status of scientific and management knowledge regarding global rangelands and the major challenges that confront them. It has been organized around three major themes. The first summarizes the conceptual advances that have occurred in the rangeland profession. The second addresses the implications of these conceptual advances to management and policy. The third assesses several major challenges confronting global rangelands in the 21st century. This book will compliment applied range management textbooks by describing the conceptual foundation on which the rangeland profession is based. It has been written to be accessible to a broad audience, including ecosystem managers, educators, students and policy makers. The content is founded on the collective experience, knowledge and commitment of 80 authors who have worked in rangelands throughout the world. Their collective contributions indicate that a more comprehensive framework is necessary to address the complex challenges confronting global rangelands. Rangelands represent adaptive social-ecological systems, in which societal values, organizations and capacities are of equal importance to, and interact with, those of ecological processes. A more comprehensive framework for rangeland systems may enable management agencies, and educational, research and policy making organizations to more effectively assess complex problems and develop appropriate solutions.

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The Author(s) 2017
David D. Briske (ed.) Rangeland Systems Springer Series on Environmental Management 10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2_1
1. Rangeland Systems: Foundation for a Conceptual Framework
David D. Briske 1
(1)
Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
David D. Briske
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Abstract
This book describes the conceptual advances in scientific and management knowledge regarding global rangelands in the past 25 years. This knowledge originated from a substantial shift in underlying ecological theory and a gradual progression of natural resource management models. The progression of management models reflects a shift from humans as resource users to humans as resource stewards and it represents the backdrop against which this book has been written. The most influential scientific and sociopolitical events contributing to transformation of the rangeland profession in the past quarter century were recognition of nonlinear vegetation dynamics that solidified dissatisfaction with the traditional rangeland assessment procedure, the introduction of resilience theory and state-and-transition models that provided a conceptual framework for development of an alternative assessment procedure, and the National Research Councils report on Rangeland Health that provided the political support to implement these changes in federal agencies. The knowledge created by this series of interrelated events challenged the traditional concepts developed decades earlier and provided the space and creativity necessary for development of alternative concepts. In retrospect, these conceptual advances originated from the ability of the rangeland profession to progress beyond the assumptions of equilibrium ecology and steady-state management that directly contributed to its inception 100 years ago. A more comprehensive framework of rangeland systems may enable management agencies and educational, research, and policy-making institutions to more effectively develop the capacity to address the challenges confronting global rangelands in the twenty-first century.
Keywords
Drylands Natural resource management Rangelands Range science Resilience-based management Steady-state management
1.1 Introduction
This book summarizes the current state of scientific and management knowledge regarding global rangelands and the major challenges that confront them. Current knowledge is assessed relative to changes that have occurred within rangeland ecology , management applications, and, more broadly, global events that have influenced rangelands. A widely accepted philosophical interpretation of scientific advancement notes that progress is often gradual and incremental as prevailing theories are explored and refined (Kuhn ). Whether or not this represented a scientific revolution remains in dispute, but there is no question that it introduced a period of rapid conceptual change for the rangeland profession .
Perhaps more pertinent to the goal of this book is that the development of this new knowledge broadly paralleled the progression of natural resource management models based on humannatural resource interactions . These models are envisioned to sequentially progress with time following human settlement and societal development from humans as natural resource users to humans as natural resource stewards (Chapin et al. ). Consequently, changes in the perception of how humans interact with nature contribute to different knowledge needs and management strategies to maintain the supply of desired natural resources.
Natural resource exploitation is an anticipated outcome following a long period of low-impact preindustrial human use (Fig. ).
Fig 11 Progression of natural resource management models following human - photo 1
Fig. 1.1
Progression of natural resource management models following human settlement (redrawn from Chapin et al. )
Table 1.1
Seven distinguishing attributes of steady- state , ecosystem , and resilience-based natural resource management models a
Attribute
Steady-state management
Ecosystem management
Resilience-based management
Ecological models
Succession-retrogression
State-and-transition, rangeland health
Multiple socialecological systems/novel ecosystems
Reference condition
Historic climax plant community
Historic climax plant community, including historical range of variation
Landscapes with maximum options for ecosystem services
Role of humans
Use ecosystems
Part of ecosystems
Direct trajectories of ecosystem change
Ecosystem services
Meat and fiber products
Several ecosystem services
Options for diverse ecosystem services
Management goals
Sustain maximum yield of commodities
Sustain multiple uses
Sustain capacity of socialecological systems to support human well-being
Science-management linkages
Top-down from management agencies
Top-down from management agencies
Multi-scaled social learning institutions
Knowledge systems
Management experience and agricultural experiments
Multidisciplinary science and ecological experiments
Collaborative groups, spatially referenced, updatable databases
aFrom Bestelmeyer and Briske ()
Recognition that effective management needed to consider entire ecosystems, including their inherent variation, and a societal demand for more diverse ecosystem services promoted development of the ecosystem management model . The ecosystem management modelfocused on planning for integrated ecosystems as well as solicitation of more diverse stakeholder feedbackoriginated in the 1970s and was widely adopted in the 1990s, especially by natural resource management agencies in the USA (Quigley ). This model recognizes the inevitability of change and seeks to guide change to sustainably provide multiple ecosystem services for society. Successive development and implementation of steady-state management, ecosystem management, and, most recently, resilience-based management represent the backdrop against which this book has been written.
1.2 Extent, Distribution, and Societal Value
Rangelands represent the most extensive land cover type on Earth. Many definitions of rangelands exist, but most address both a land cover type, associated with vegetation or biome, and a land use that primarily emphasizes grazing or pastoralism (Lund ). The ratio of annual precipitation to annual potential evapotranspiration is termed the aridity index and it is less than 0.65 for drylands. Although the majority of rangelands exist within the dryland category, a portion also occur in wetter regions, and high-latitude and high-elevation grasslands and tundra.
Fig 12 Distribution of global drylands as classified by the UNCCD Millennium - photo 2
Fig. 1.2
Distribution of global drylands as classified by the UNCCD (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ())
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