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Macías José Luis - Active Volcanoes of Chiapas (Mexico): El Chichón and Tacaná

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Macías José Luis Active Volcanoes of Chiapas (Mexico): El Chichón and Tacaná

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Macías José Luis - Active Volcanoes of Chiapas (Mexico): El Chichón and Tacaná
Active Volcanoes of Chiapas (Mexico): El Chichón and Tacaná
Macías José Luis
Active Volcanoes of Chiapas (Mexico): El Chichón and Tacaná

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Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015
Teresa Scolamacchia and Jos Luis Macas (eds.) Active Volcanoes of Chiapas (Mexico): El Chichn and Tacan Active Volcanoes of the World 10.1007/978-3-642-25890-9_1
1. Geodynamic Setting and Pre-volcanic Geology of Active Volcanism in Chiapas
V. H. Garduo-Monroy 1 , J. L. Macas 2 and R. S. Molina Garza 3
(1)
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicols de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
(2)
Instituto de Geofsica, Unidad Michoacn, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Campus Morelia, 58090 Morelia, Michoacn, Mexico
(3)
Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Campus Juriquilla, 76230 Quertaro, Mexico
V. H. Garduo-Monroy
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Abstract
El Chichn and Tacan, two active volcanoes in the southeastern Mexico Chiapas state, illustrate the complexity of the magmatic systems in the Middle America Trench. Tacan represents the northwestern end of the Central American Volcanic Arc, whilst El Chichn is the northernmost volcano of the Modern Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc. Tacan was built on Mesozoic metamorphic and Tertiary intrusive rocks (3513 Ma) and deposits from mid-Pleistocene calderas (12 Ma). El Chichn was built on folded Cretaceous to Miocene sedimentary rocks, established ~150 km north of the position of a Miocene arc that existed in the southernmost Maya block. Both the Central American Volcanic Arc and the Modern Chiapanecan Arc have been interpreted in terms of supra-subduction zones of magmatism associated with the subduction of the Cocos Plate beneath the Caribbean and North America plates. A well-defined Wadati-Benioff Zone supports such model for the Central American Volcanic Arc. Nevertheless, available data indicate that the subducted Cocos Plate does not reach the mantle region below the Modern Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc. El Chichn and the other volcanoes of the Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc are situated some 200 km above the down dip projection of the slab over a region that, based on seismic tomography, can be interpreted as a slab gap or an anomalous hot region of the mantle.
1.1 Geodynamic Setting
1.1.1 Regional Plate Interactions
Volcanic activity in southern Mexico and Central America is associated with the subduction process. In a general subduction scheme, an oceanic lithospheric plate plunges into the mantle below a lighter continental plate. Fluids released from the subducting plate promote partial melting of the mantle wedge above it, and the magma produced ascends to form volcanic structures at the surface. However, in southern Mexico, or more precisely in the area corresponding today to the states of Chiapas, Veracruz and Oaxaca, both spatial and temporal variations in volcanism reflect an intricate geodynamic setting. The dominant tectonic process is the subduction of the oceanic Cocos plate below two continental plates: North America and Caribbean. However, many complications arise from the fact that three plates are involved, and the triple junction between them is unstable. As a result, relative plate motions are accommodated by deformation distributed over a broad region; deformation is not restricted to the major plate boundaries. The two overriding plates, Caribbean and North America, record recent uplift, intense deformation, and scattered manifestations of magmatism including Tacan and El Chichn volcanoes.
In this chapter we show that Neogene to Recent magmatism in southern Mexico and northern Guatemala is controlled by complex interaction among the Cocos, Caribbean and North America plates, and by internal deformation of the overriding continental plates. According to studies carried out in the last decades, southernmost Mexico is further framed in a diffuse and unstable trench-trench-transform triple junction setting that set off distinct patterns of faulting, seismicity, and volcanic activity over an area that extends from the Tehuantepec Isthmus in Mexico to central Honduras (Guzman Speziale et al. ). We offer the interpretation that the angle of the subducting plate, the subducted segment of the Tehuantepec Ridge, the motion of the Chortis block (nuclear Central America) relative to the North America plate, and intra-plate deformation are the primary factors controlling the distribution of subduction-related magmatism between central Mexico and the Central America Volcanic Arc (CAVA).
The absolute motion of the North America plate has been west-southwestward for most of the Cenozoic, whilst the Caribbean plate has remained nearly stationary since chron 18 (38.4 Ma; Mller et al. ).
Fig 11 a Sketch map showing the tectonic framework of southern Mexico - photo 1
Fig. 1.1
a Sketch map showing the tectonic framework of southern Mexico dominated by the presence of three major plates and their boundaries at the Motagua-Polochic fault system and the Middle American Trench. b Main geological regional features of Southern Mexico and Guatemala, showing the location of the MCVA, highland fold chains, folds and thrust of the lateral fault zone, Chiapas massif. Chicoasen-Malpaso fault, Ocosingo fault
The Caribbean-North America plate boundary in Central America has been a matter of controversy (e.g., Burkart ) were among the first to propose that intra-plate deformation, such as the N-S graben systems of Central America, may control the process of magma ascent to the surface.
In Chiapas, in contrast, part of the relative plate motion between North America and the Caribbean plate is accommodated by a system of WNW trending left lateral strike-slip faults (Guzmn-Speziale and Meneses-Rocha ).
Some authors have proposed that the Polochic fault connects to the west with yet another important structure, the Tonal fault. This is a WNW fault parallel to the Middle American trench, along the western margin of the Chiapas Massif (Fig. ).
Current plate movements can be also tracked directly using satellite-based geodetic measurements of the Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS velocity vectors parallel to Middle American Trench in areas located along the Central America forearc region have been interpreted to indicate a ~15 mm/year dextral motion parallel to the trend of the Central America Volcanic Arc (Lyon-Caen et al. ).
Another important feature of the geodynamic setting of Chiapas state, and El Chichn volcano in particular, is the Tehuantepec Ridge (Fig. ).
In contrast with typical supra-subduction volcanic arcs, where volcanoes are more or less regularly spaced along the arc, few manifestations of volcanic activity actually exist between the eastern Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, in central Mexico, and the CAVA in Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras. A cluster of volcanic centers characterized by effusive activity occurs to the north of the Tehuantepec Isthmus (i.e., Macizo de Los Tuxtlas , or Tuxtlas Massif), and scattered volcanic centers occur between the Tuxtlas Massif and the CAVA. Such regions can be considered transitional between the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the CAVA itself, being characterized by changes in both subduction geometry and tectonic regime. This transitional region hosts an extinct magmatic arc of Miocene age, represented by plutons of intermediate composition (granodiorites, tonalites and quartzmonzonites) in coastal Chiapas, and further inland it hosts the Modern Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc (MCVA) (Damon and Montesinos ).
Fig 12 Inferred subduction geometry of the Cocos plate projected below Los - photo 2
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