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Simão Moraes Sarmento - A Machine Learning based Pairs Trading Investment Strategy

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Simão Moraes Sarmento A Machine Learning based Pairs Trading Investment Strategy

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This book investigates the application of promising machine learning techniques to address two problems: (i) how to find profitable pairs while constraining the search space and (ii) how to avoid long decline periods due to prolonged divergent pairs. It also proposes the integration of an unsupervised learning algorithm, OPTICS, to handle problem (i), and demonstrates that the suggested technique can outperform the common pairs search methods, achieving an average portfolio Sharpe ratio of 3.79, in comparison to 3.58 and 2.59 obtained using standard approaches. For problem (ii), the authors introduce a forecasting-based trading model capable of reducing the periods of portfolio decline by 75%. However, this comes at the expense of decreasing overall profitability. The authors also test the proposed strategy using an ARMA model, an LSTM and an LSTM encoder-decoder.

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SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology SpringerBriefs in - photo 1
SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology SpringerBriefs in Computational Intelligence
Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk
Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

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Simo Moraes Sarmento and Nuno Horta
A Machine Learning based Pairs Trading Investment Strategy
1st ed. 2021
Simo Moraes Sarmento Instituto de Telecomunicaes IST University of Lisbon - photo 2
Simo Moraes Sarmento
Instituto de Telecomunicaes, IST, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Nuno Horta
Instituto de Telecomunicaes, IST, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
ISSN 2191-530X e-ISSN 2191-5318
SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology
ISSN 2625-3704 e-ISSN 2625-3712
SpringerBriefs in Computational Intelligence
ISBN 978-3-030-47250-4 e-ISBN 978-3-030-47251-1
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47251-1
The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
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Acronyms
ADF

Augmented Dickey-Fuller

ANN

Artificial neural network

ARMA

Autoregressivemoving-average

DBSCAN

Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise

ETF

Exchange-traded fund

FNN

Feedforward neural network

GARCH

Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity

LSTM

Long short-term memory

MAE

Mean absolute error

MDD

Maximum drawdowm

MLP

Multilayer perceptron

MSE

Mean squared error

OPTICS

Ordering points to identify the clustering structure

PCA

Principal component analysis

RNN

Recurrent neural network

ROI

Return on investment

SR

Sharpe ratio

SSD

Sum of Euclidean squared distance

t-SNE

T-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding

Contents
The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
S. Moraes Sarmento, N. Horta A Machine Learning based Pairs Trading Investment Strategy SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47251-1_1
1. Introduction
Simo Moraes Sarmento
(1)
Instituto de Telecomunicaes, IST, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Simo Moraes Sarmento (Corresponding author)
Email:
Nuno Horta
Email:
Keywords
Pairs Trading Unsupervised Learning Time-series forecasting
1.1 Topic Overview

Pairs Trading is a well-known investment strategy developed in the 1980s. It has been employed as one important long/short equity investment tool by hedge funds and institutional investors Cavalcante et al. [

Once the pairs have been identified, the investor may proceed with the strategys second step. The underlying premise is that if two securities price series have been moving close in the past, then this should persist in the future. Therefore, if an irregularity occurs, it should provide an interesting trade opportunity to profit from its correction. To find such opportunities, the spread between the two constituents of the pairs must be continuously monitored. When a statistical anomaly is detected, a market position is entered. The position is exited upon an eventual spread correction. It is interesting to observe that this strategy relies on the relative value of two securities, regardless of their absolute value.

We proceed to introduce how the strategy may be applied using an example from this work. A more formal description concerning the trading setup is presented in Sect.. The investor may calculate the mean value of the spread formed by the two constituents of the pair, as well as its standard deviation. These values describe the statistical behaviour known for that pair and which the investor expects to remain approximately constant in the future.
Fig 11 Price series which could potentially form profitable pairs Fig - photo 3
Fig. 1.1

Price series which could potentially form profitable pairs

Fig 12 Price series of two constituents of a pair during 20092018 In the - photo 4
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