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Shackelford Todd K. - Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Sexual Psychology and Behavior

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Shackelford Todd K. Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Sexual Psychology and Behavior

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As we progress as a species, questions and controversies continue to surround sexuality, monogamy, perceptions of attractiveness, and sexual coercion. Yet no matter how intricate the issues and concepts become, we are still able to find valuable clues in our ancestral legacy. Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Sexual Psychology and Behavior offers a wealth of current theories and findings on the complex psychological adaptations that drive our strategies for selecting and retaining a partner. Groundbreaking studies examine sex differences and similarities in sex-related human behavior while providing object lessons in how evolutionary psychology is practiced and where the field is heading. Contributors present intriguing evidence for mate selection influencing the evolution of mens and womens voices, female orgasm, and mens use of humor, and explore emerging areas of evolutionary interest such as same-sex attraction. This interdisciplinary coverage has wide-ranging implications for sexual well-being as well as mental and general health. Among the featured topics: Evaluating evidence of mate preference adaptations: how do we really know what Homo sapiens sapiens really want? Sexual adaptation and sexual offending. (Mis)reading the signs: mens perception of womens sexual interest. Female perceptions of male body movements. Intrasexual competition and other theories of eating restriction. Social selection and the evolution of competition among women. Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Sexual Psychology and Behavior will appeal to evolutionary scientists across different disciplines of the academy among faculty, graduate students, and undergraduate students interested in sexuality. This volume makes a useful supplementary text in various upper-level undergraduate courses and in graduate courses that address sexuality.

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Part 1
Introduction to Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Sexual Psychology and Behavior
Viviana A. Weekes-Shackelford and Todd K. Shackelford (eds.) Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Sexual Psychology and Behavior 2014 10.1007/978-1-4939-0314-6_1
Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
1. Evaluating Evidence of Mate Preference Adaptations: How Do We Really Know What Homo sapiens sapiens Really Want?
David P. Schmitt 1
(1)
Department of Psychology, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA
David P. Schmitt
Email:
Abstract
From an evolutionary psychology perspective, it is likely our species comes equipped with specialized psychological adaptations that influence the differing ways men and women pursue mating strategies. When short-term mating, men seem to preferentially desire easy sexual access and relax their mate preference desires so as to obtain large numbers of sexual partners. When women pursue short-term mates, they appear to increase their selectivity in mate choice and desire men who possess cues to good genes. In long-term mating, men preferentially emphasize fertility-related cues such as youth and physical attractiveness, whereas women desire a long-term mate who is able and willing to devote resources to her and their offspring. Overall, the empirical validity of most mate preference adaptations postulated by Sexual Strategies Theory (Psychological Review 100:204232, 1993) is strong to moderate in evidentiary depth and breadth.
According to Sexual Strategies Theory (Buss & Schmitt, ).
Critically, the preferences that drive men and women when pursuing long-term or short-term mating strategies differ in specialized ways. Men tend to desire easy sexual access when short-term mating and functionally relax their desires so as to obtain large numbers of sex partners, whereas women are relatively selective when short-term mating and preferentially desire men who possess cues to good genes as short-term mates. When long-term mating, men emphasize fertility-related cues such as youth and physical attractiveness, whereas women desire cues to a partners ability and willingness to devote resources to her and their offspring. This basic Sexual Strategies Theory perspective was originally put forth nearly 20 years ago. In this chapter, the empirical status of Sexual Strategies Theory is evaluated along dimensions of evidentiary breadth and depth (Schmitt & Pilcher, ).
Womens Long-Term Mate Preferences
Evolutionary psychologists have hypothesized that women possess specially designed long-term mate preferences for cues to a mans ability and willingness to devote resources to her and their offspring (Ellis, ). Each of these sources of evidence is reviewed in turn.
Table 1.1
Examples of evidence used to evaluate mate preference adaptations postulated by Sexual Strategies Theory
Men
Women
Short term
Prefer easy access and large numbers of partners
Prefer good sexy son genes
Self - report surveys
Self - report surveys
Men universally report greater activity in seeking of short-term mates, greater desire for larger numbers of sex partners, and quicker to consent to sex after brief periods of time (Schmitt et al., )
Women (more than men) rate and rank physical attractiveness as especially important in short-term mates (Regan, Medina, & Joshi, )
Additional self - reported attitudes and behaviors
Higher minimum requirements for a short-term mates attractiveness (Kenrick, Groth, Trost, & Sadalla, )
Men have more positive attitudes toward casual sex and permissive sexuality (Petersen & Hyde, )
Spend more of limited budget on physical attractiveness in short-term mates (Li, )
Men have more unrestricted sociosexual attitudes and behaviors across all cultures (Schmitt, )
Report physical attractiveness as more important motive for short-term mating (Regan & Dreyer, )
Men have more short-term sex fantasies (Ellis & Symons, )
Actual mate choice and reactions to experiments
Men less regret for short-term sex (Paul & Hayes, )
Women more often choose and more strongly react to physical attractiveness in actual short-term mating contexts (Wiederman & Dubois, )
Men relax their mate preferences and are less selective when short-term mating (Buunk, Dijkstra, Fetchenhauer, & Kenrick, )
Women agree to sex with stranger more often if man is physically attractive (Guguen, )
Actual mate choice and reactions to experiments
Women s short - term desires across the ovulatory cycle
Men (75 %) more often than women (0 %) consent to sex with a stranger (Clark & Hatfield, )
Women prefer attractiveness most near ovulation (Thornhill & Gangestad, )
Men agree to sex with strangers whether the women is highly attractive (83 %) or average (60 %); women agree to sex with strangers only if he is highly attractive (3 %) versus average (0 %; Guguen, )
Womens sexual behaviors and attractiveness shift near ovulation (Haselton, Mortezaie, Pillsworth, Bleske-Rechek, & Frederick, )
Men seek more one-night stands (Herold & Mewhinney, )
Women who short - term mate more often
Men have more extramarital affairs (Laumann, Gagnon, Michael, & Michaels, )
Women who actively short-term mate especially prefer physically attractive men (Gangestad, Thornhill, & Garver-Apgar, )
Men more often use prostitutes for short-term sex (Burley & Symanski, )
Men s short - term mating success
Men more often use media containing short-term sex (Salmon & Symons, )
Physically attractive men have more sex partners (Thornhill & Gangestad, )
Gay men have more short-term sex partners than lesbians (Blumstein & Schwartz, )
Men react to ovulating women (Haselton & Gildersleeve, )
Men react positively to women who convey easy sexual access (Schmitt, Couden, & Baker, )
Long-term
Prefer youth, fertility, and gene quality
Prefer ability and willingness to devote resources
Self - report surveys
Self - report surveys
Meta-analyses of survey studies (Feingold, )
Meta-analyses of survey studies (Feingold, )
Nationally representative samples (Sprecher, Sullivan, & Hatfield, )
Nationally representative samples (Sprecher et al., )
Cross-generational studies (Buss, Shackelford, Kirkpatrick, & Larsen, )
Cross-generational studies (Buss et al., )
Cross-cultural studies (Buss, )
Cross-cultural studies (Buss, )
Trade-off decision studies (Li, )
Trade-off decision studies (Li, )
Open-ended responses (Evans & Brase, )
Open-ended responses (Evans & Brase, )
Reactions to experimental manipulations
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