Reza Azin - Fundamentals and Practical Aspects of Gas Injection

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Gas injection has been used as a means of pressure maintenance in the secondary oil recovery and in the tertiary oil recovery as Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques. The concept and operation of gas injection started nearly two decades after industrial oil production in the nineteenth century when the operators faced with the pressure decline in the reservoir and found the produced gas as an abundant source to reinject and overcome the problem. Many field cases used various injecting gases, ranging from non-hydrocarbon to hydrocarbon, lean to enriched, or immiscible to miscible. The operating conditions vary from one case to another, depending on the geological conditions of the reservoir, its rock and fluid properties, and the availability of gas sources to inject. The objective of gas injection may also be different from one project to another. This book reviews some of the applications of gas injection and combines the new features as well as some key challenges associated with gas injection.

The book is organized into ten chapters. Chapter deals with capillary trapping in porous media. The concepts, types, models, and correlations for phase trapping are presented and discussed in this chapter. References are added at the end of each chapter. Also, some chapters contain useful information as appendix. In preparing the contents of this book, more than one thousand references were reviewed comprehensively. Also, many chapters include worked examples to make a clear content and field application

A number of scientists, professors, and industrial experts contributed to the chapters of this book. These include Prof. Mahmood Moshfeghian, Prof. Shahriar Osfouri, Dr. Ahmad Jamili, Dr. Ali Ranjbar, Dr. Alireza Shahkarami, Dr. Mohamad Mohamadi-Baghmolaei, Ahmad Banafi, Amin Izadpanahi, Fatemeh Kazemi, Parviz Zahedizadeh, and Pooya Aghaee Shabankareh. Also, the authors visited several oil and gas injection and production facilities and had technical meetings with industrial experts to get better insight into details of gas injection operations. Id like to acknowledge Reza Heidari, Mohammad Abdali, and Dr. Hamid Khedri and appreciate their technical support and valuable suggestions.