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FRANCES DIPPER - RSPB SPOTLIGHT SEALS.

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FRANCES DIPPER RSPB SPOTLIGHT SEALS.
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BLOOMSBURY WILDLIFE Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square London WC1B - photo 1

BLOOMSBURY WILDLIFE Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square London WC1B - photo 2

BLOOMSBURY WILDLIFE

Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK

29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland

This electronic edition published in 2021 by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY WILDLIFE and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

First published in United Kingdom 2021

Copyright Frances Dipper, 2021

Copyright 2021 photographs and illustrations as credited on page 127

Frances Dipper has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work

For legal purposes the constitute an extension of this copyright page

All rights reserved
You may not copy, distribute, transmit, reproduce or otherwise make available this publication (or any part of it) in any form, or by any means (including without limitation electronic, digital, optical, mechanical, photocopying, printing, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third-party websites referred to in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication data has been applied for

ISBN: 978-1-4729-7162-3 (PB)
ISBN: 978-1-4729-7161-6 (eBook)
ISBN: 978-1-4729-7163-0 (ePDF)

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Published under licence from RSPB Sales Limited to raise awareness of the RSPB - photo 3

Published under licence from RSPB Sales Limited to raise awareness of the RSPB (charity registration in England and Wales no 207076 and Scotland no SC037654).

For all licensed products sold by Bloomsbury Publishing Limited, Bloomsbury Publishing Limited will donate a minimum of 2% from all sales to RSPB Sales Ltd, which gives all its distributable profits through Gift Aid to the RSPB.

Contents

Twisting and turning effortlessly in their underwater world seals are champion - photo 4

Twisting and turning effortlessly in their underwater world, seals are champion swimmers, the sleekest and most agile of all marine mammals. Their aquatic acrobatics allow them to sneak around rocks, appear through curtains of seaweed and swim fast enough to catch a wide variety of fish their favourite food. Seals spend most of their time underwater, invisible to us as they hunt, explore and play near the coast. It is only when they surface for a breath or during the short times they spend on land that we have the chance to see them.

Resting on remote and undisturbed shores Common Seals are a picture of relaxed - photo 5

Resting on remote and undisturbed shores, Common Seals are a picture of relaxed contentment.

The seals and their close relatives, the sea lions and Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), together form a group called Pinnipedia, or the pinnipeds. This translates roughly from the Latin as having feet as fins, which is indeed what these marine mammals have two pairs of large fins, more usually called flippers. These and their streamlined body are what make them such excellent swimmers, but they also make them rather slow and clumsy on land. If seals are disturbed when resting on the seashore, they will slip quickly back into the water, where they are safer and feel much more at home. Once there, curiosity will often overcome them and they will bob to the surface, craning their head up and around to peer at boats and strange two-legged humans.

Pinnipeds are one of three main groups of marine mammals, the other two being the cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) and sirenians (dugongs and manatees). The Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris) and the Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) are also classed as marine mammals. These groups of animals are not necessarily closely related, but are defined as true marine mammals because they get all their food from the sea (although Polar Bears also scavenge on land). All mammals, wherever they live, have two things in common: they feed their young milk, and they have hair even if, as in cetaceans, it is rather sparse. Seals grow a thick fur and fatty blubber that helps them keep warm.

South American Sea Lions Otaria flavescens hauled out on rocks in Patagonia - photo 6

South American Sea Lions (Otaria flavescens) hauled out on rocks in Patagonia, South America.

Shaped for swimming

A seals skeleton is designed for flexibility Unlike most mammals they do not - photo 7

A seals skeleton is designed for flexibility. Unlike most mammals, they do not have a clavicle (collar bone).

Swimming through water is hard work, but streamlining can help reduce drag. The most efficient body shape for aquatic animals is a cylinder that tapers at both ends, which is why tuna and other fast predatory fish are this shape. Seals have a similar torpedo-like body with very few projecting parts that might slow them down. Their limbs are shortened and only the flippers are visible from the outside. There are no visible mammary glands in females, as these are internal and the teats are kept turned in until nuzzling by newborn pups pops them out. Similarly, the male seals sex organs are internal. This is in contrast to terrestrial mammals, in which the male sex organs are carried externally to keep them cool (overheating is not a problem in marine environments). While most land mammals (including humans) have obvious external ears, seals either have very small ear flaps or just a small hole on the side of the head.

Seals have a similar streamlined shape to fast predatory fish such as Bigeye - photo 8

Seals have a similar streamlined shape to fast predatory fish such as Bigeye Trevally (Caranx sexfasciatus). These, and top speeders like billfishes, fold their dorsal and pectoral fins away to reduce drag at top speeds.

Native species

Our coastal waters are home to two species of seal, the Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) and the Common or Harbour Seal (Phoca vitulina).

Grey Seal

Grey Seals live in the North Atlantic Ocean, and about 34 per cent of the world population is found all around the coasts of the British Isles, but especially in the Western Isles (Outer Hebrides) and the Orkney Islands off Scotland. Smaller numbers live around Scandinavia and in the Baltic Sea, around Iceland and along the coastline of north-eastern North America. Unlike Common Seals, Grey Seals are happy on wild, wave-tossed shores. The latest UK non-pup population estimate (2017) is 150,000 and the estimated world population of mature individuals (2016) is 316,000.

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