Vikas Bajpai (editor) - Phytochemistry of plants of Genus Ocimum

Series Editor:

Brijesh Kumar

Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Phyllanthus

Brijesh Kumar, Sunil Kumar and K. P. Madhusudanan

Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Ocimum

Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Surabhi Tiwari and Renu Pandey

Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Piper

Brijesh Kumar, Surabhi Tiwari, Vikas Bajpai and Bikarma Singh

Phytochemistry of Tinospora cordifolia

Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai and Nikhil Kumar

Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Rauvolfia

Brijesh Kumar, Sunil Kumar, Vikas Bajpai and K. P. Madhusudanan

Phytochemistry of Piper betle Landraces

Vikas Bajpai, Nikhil Kumar and Brijesh Kumar

For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.crcpress.com/Phytochemical-Investigations-of-Medicinal-Plants/book-series/PHYTO

First edition published 2020

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Plants are considered as one of the most important sources of drugs used to alleviate and treat different ailments since the beginning of human civilization. Medicinal plants and their bioactive secondary metabolites have been considered as a fundamental source of medicine for the treatment of a range of diseases in our modern medical system. India has a rich heritage of medicinal plants, used in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homoeopathy and Naturopathy since the ancient era. In India, about 60007000 plant species are utilized in traditional, folk and herbal medicines. The Ocimum is one of the most recognized and used genera that includes more than 150 species of herbs and shrubs with immense medicinal properties. It is distributed throughout the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. Ocimum sanctum (Tulasi or Holy Basil) is found throughout tropical and semitropical regions of India and other Asian countries. Different parts of this plant are traditionally utilized in the Indian system of medicine for the treatment of ailments.

Herbal medicines/formulations involve the use of crude or processed plant parts containing one or several active constituents. Due to the rapid commercialization of the herbal medicines, accurate knowledge of their phytochemical composition, which is directly related to medicinal properties, is a very crucial aspect for the safety and efficacy of the products. According to the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, identification and determination of the active constituents are prerequisites for the development of modern evidence-based phytomedicines. Nevertheless, the use of medicinal herbs or herbal drugs is increasing throughout the world. One of the major issues of its acceptance is the lack of quality control or standardization. Standardization is an essential step for the establishment of consistent pharmacological activity, a reliable chemical profile or simply a quality control program for the production of herbal drugs. Standardization of medicinal herbs or herbal products is necessary for assessment of their safety, efficacy and quality. Recently, mass spectrometry has earned a central role in the field of plant metabolomics due to its sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy. It facilitates efficient analysis of metabolites in the complex matrix of plant extracts due to high sensitivity, selectivity and versatility. Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection has increased separation of compounds, which makes this technique more sensitive, selective and suitable for qualitative and quantitative analyses of plant metabolites.

The work contained in this book includes reports of phytochemical investigations and study of biological potential of Ocimum spp. Metabolic profiling of six Ocimum species, namely, O. americanum, O. basilicum, O. gratissimum, O. kilimandscharicum, O. sanctum green and O. sanctum purple using HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS was successfully completed. Bioactive phenolic acids, flavonoids, propenyl phenol and terpenoids were simultaneously quantified in leaf extracts of O. sanctum from different geographical regions and its marketed herbal formulations using UHPLC-QqQLIT-MS/MS. Similarly, fifteen bioactive phytoconstituents were determined in leaf extracts of six Ocimum species. We hope this book may be useful to academicians, researchers, manufacturers and users of herbal products according to their aims and objective. It is expected that the effort will open new vistas of knowledge for multidisciplinary research in the coming years.

The completion of this book is due to the Almighty who blessed us with all the resources required to accomplish this journey. We are glad to have the opportunity to express our gratitude to Dr. K. P. Madhusudanan, whose constant encouragement, guidance and support helped us to complete the task successfully. We express our deep sense of gratitude to Director of CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, India, for his support and Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility (SAIF) Division of CSIR-CDRI, where all the data were generated.

Dr. Brijesh Kumar is a Professor (Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR) and Chief Scientist of Sophisticated Analytical Instrument facility Division of CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, India. Currently, he is facility in charge of SAIF Division. He has completed his PhD from CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, India (Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University Faizabad, India). He has to his credit 7 book chapters, 1 book and 145 papers in International Journal of Repute. His current area of research is application of mass spectrometry (DART-MS/Q-TOF LC-MS/4000 Q Trap LC-MS/Orbitrap MSn) for qualitative and quantitative analyses of molecules for quality control and authentication/standardization of Indian medicinal plants/parts and their herbal formulations. He is also involved in identification of marker compounds using statistical software to check adulteration/substitution.