Kenji Uchino - High-Power Piezoelectrics and Loss Mechanisms

Kenji Uchino

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First edition published 2020

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2021 Kenji Uchino

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ISBN: 978-0-367-54069-2 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-003-08751-9 (ebk)

Typeset in Times

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DElectric displacementEElectric fieldPDielectric polarizationPSSpontaneous polarizationIonic polarizabilityLorentz factorDipole moment0Dielectric permittivity of Free SpaceDielectric permittivity(r)Relative permittivity or dielectric constant (assumed for ferroelectrics: = 1)Inverse dielectric constantDielectric susceptibilityCCurieWeiss constantT0CurieWeiss temperatureTCCurie temperature (phase transition temperature)GGibbs free energyAHelmholtz free energyFLandau free energy densityxStrainxsSpontaneous strainXStresssElastic compliancecElastic stiffnessvSound velocitydPiezoelectric charge coefficienthInverse piezoelectric charge coefficientgPiezoelectric voltage coefficientM,QElectrostrictive coefficientskElectromechanical coupling factorEnergy transmission coefficientYYoungs modulusFriction constanttan (tan )Extensive (intensive) dielectric losstan (tan )Extensive (intensive) elastic losstan (tan )Extensive (intensive) piezoelectric loss

As one of the pioneers of Piezoelectric Actuators (I authored the first book titled this in 1984), I have been contributing to various product commercialization in these 45years, including million-selling devices, micro-ultrasonic motors for smart-phone camera modules by Samsung Electromechanics (Korea), piezoelectric transformers for backlight inverters by Apple laptops (USA), multilayer PZT actuators for diesel injection valves by Denso Corporation (Japan), and piezoelectric energy harvesting modules for Programable Air-Burst Munition (25mm caliber) by the US Army. During the development period on piezoelectric actuators and transformers, I found that the bottleneck for the device miniaturization is heat generation under a high-power drive condition. When I started in the early 1980s, the PZT ceramics could generate only less than 10 W mechanical power per cm3 volume. When higher power level was input, the ceramic specimen generated a significant heat higher than 50C, which I could not touch without burning the finger. Thus, in parallel to the piezo-actuator developments, I have been developing various high-power density piezo-ceramic materials with the loss mechanism clarification. Now, our high-power density piezo-ceramics can generate 40 W/cm3, high enough to miniaturize the device down to a quarter of the previous device size. I spent almost 35years for establishing so-called HiPoCS (High-Power Piezoelectric Characterization System), which have been transferred worldwide to encourage the following researchers. Hence, I considered that it is time to organize a textbook based on the previous studies, including my personal materials development philosophy, in order to stimulate younger generation to reach to the dreaming energy density up to 100 W/cm3 in the future. Increasing the efficiency and saving the energy and space (compactness) are one of the important approaches in this 21st-century sustainable society.

This textbook introduces the theoretical background of piezoelectrics, electromechanical phenomenology, loss mechanisms, practical materials, device designs, drive and characterization techniques, typical applications, and looks forward to the future perspectives in this field. Though the discovery of piezoelectricity is relatively old (Jacque and Pierre Curie brothers in 1880), since the high-power actuator development is relatively new and interdisciplinary, it is difficult to cover all the recent studies in a limited-page book. Therefore, I focused important and basic ideas to understand how to design and develop the high-power piezoelectric materials and devices. Many of the studies cited in this textbook are intentionally from our groups lab notes in order to keep the consistency of our development philosophy. Thus, this book is NOT an overall review of this area, remaining the readers further search for other scholars approaches.

Let me introduce the contents. ), in order to achieve practical high-power piezoelectric components and devices.

This textbook was written for graduate students, university researchers, and industry engineers studying or working in the fields of piezoelectric actuators, transducers, and energy harvesting systems. This textbook is designed for self-learning by the reader by himself/herself aided by the availability of:

• Chapter Essentials Summary for your quick memory recovery.

• Check Points Answers are provided in the book Appendix.

• Example Problems To enhance the readers understanding with full detailed solutions.

• Chapter Problems For the final exam or further consideration.

• Quick E-Answer from the Author via e-mail () Any questions are welcome.

Since this is the first edition, critical review and content/typo corrections on this book are highly appreciated. Send the information directed to Kenji Uchino at 135 Energy and The Environment Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4800. E-mail:

For the reader who needs detailed information on ferroelectrics, smart piezoelectric actuators, and sensors, Ferroelectric Devices 2nd Edition (2010) and Micromechatronics 2nd Edition (2019) authored by K. Uchino, published by CRC Press, are recommended. Further,

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