Zainuddin Abdul Manan - Modeling Simulation and Optimization of Supercritical and Subcritical Fluid Extraction Processes

1. Chapter 1
2. Chapter 2
3. Chapter 3
4. Chapter 4
5. Chapter 5
6. Chapter 6
7. Chapter 7
8. Appendix B

1. Chapter 1
2. Chapter 2
3. Chapter 3
4. Chapter 4
5. Chapter 5
6. Chapter 6
7. Chapter 7
8. Appendix B
9. Appendix C

Zainuddin A. Manan

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)

Johor Bahru, Malaysia

Gholamreza Zahedi

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)

Johor Bahru, Malaysia

and

Ana Najwa Mustapa

College of Engineering

Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)

Shah Alam, Malaysia

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Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Applied for:

ISBN: 9781118460177

Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: Courtesy of Zainuddin A Manan

Supercritical and subcritical fluid extraction (SFE/SCFE) technologies have become increasingly popular methods for extraction and purification of food ingredients, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals over the last 30years due to their unique advantages over conventional processing methods. These include lowtemperature operation, inert solvent, selective separation, and the extraction of highvalue product or new product with improved functional or nutritional characteristics. SFE/SCFE are also environmentally benign technologies since the processes typically generate no waste.

Supercritical fluid exhibits highdensity like liquids, which contributes to greater potential for solubilization of materials, and low viscosity similar to gases, which enables its penetration into the solid. Subcritical fluid, which is also known as a highpressure liquid, exhibits similar behavior to and can be exploited in the same manner as, supercritical fluids albeit at much lower pressure and temperature. SCFE is therefore typically classified under SFE technology. Nowadays, SFE technology is used to process hundreds of millions of pounds of coffee, tea, and hops annually, and is increasingly becoming of common use in the pharmaceuticals industry for purification and nanoparticle formation. Supercritical fluid processing is also gaining in the botanicals, vitamins, and supplements industries, where they are becoming synonymous with the highest purity and quality.

Commercial application of SFE technology has been relegated to only special applications due to highequipment capital cost required. Besides that, conceptual development of extraction processes for natural oils, fats, cosmetic, and pharmaceuticals based on supercritical fluid technology is hindered by the lack of suitable design tools and reliable thermodynamic data and models at high pressure. Optimization of SFE processes involves a search for the optimum conditions above the critical point that is in a narrow limit and needs special care. Process simulation is used for the design, development, analysis, and optimization of technical processes and is mainly applied to chemical plants and chemical processes. Integration of optimization techniques into simulation practice, specifically into commercial software, has become nearly ubiquitous, as most discreteevent simulation packages now include some form of optimization routines. Even though modeling, simulation, and optimization tools have been widely used for design of chemical processes, their application has been very limited in vegetable oil processing particularly at supercritical conditions. In line with this limitation, there is a dearth need for literature on this topic. So far there has been no book written on modeling, simulation optimization of SFE processes in the market.

This book provides a complete guideline on tools and techniques for modeling of SFE as well as SCFE processes and phenomena and provides details for both SFE and SCFE from managing the experiments to modeling and simulation optimization. The book also includes the fundamentals of SFE as well as the necessary experimental techniques to validate the models.