Editors
Jean-Marc Retrouvey
Leo Rogers Endowed Chair and Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
Mohamed-Nur Abdallah
Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA
ISBN 978-3-030-57222-8 e-ISBN 978-3-030-57223-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57223-5
The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
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Contributors
Reinaldo Abdala-Junior DDS, MSc
Department of Radiology, UniFSP, Avar, SP, Brazil
School of Dentistry, University of So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil
Mohamed-Nur Abdallah BDS, MSc, PhD
Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA
Asta Abuneviit DDS, MDS
Private Practice, Vilnius, Lithuania
BIOMEDE (International Association for Development and Spread of Orthodontic Biomechanics Knowledge), Lugano, Switzerland
Walaa Magdy Ahmed BDS, MSc, Dip Pros, PhD, FRCD(C)
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Bassam Alalola BDS, MSc, FRCD(C), ABO
College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Alsaloum BDS, MSc, Dip (Pros), FRCD(C)
College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Emad Eddin Alzoubi BDS, MOrth RCS, MOrth RCPS, MFDS
Department of Child Dental Health and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
James Andrew
Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Normand Boucher DDS
Department of Orthodontics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Marco Caminiti DDS, Med, FRCDC (OMFS)
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Oral and Maxillofaical Surgery, Humber River Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
Jaw Deformity Clinic, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
Arthur Rodriguez Gonzalez Cortes DDS, MSc, PhD
Department of Dental Surgery, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
Hakan El DDS, PhD
School of Dental MedicineDepartment of Orthodontics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Manhal Eliliwi DDS
School of Dental MedicineDepartment of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Tarek Elshebiny BDS, MSD
School of Dental MedicineDepartment of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Giorgio Fiorelli MD, DMD
Orthodontic Department, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
BIOMEDE (International Association for Development and Spread of Orthodontic Biomechanics Knowledge), Lugano, Switzerland