Bejan - Heat Transfer: Evolution, Design and Performance

1. Chapter 3
2. Chapter 4
3. Chapter 5
4. Chapter 6
5. Chapter 7
6. Chapter 8
7. Chapter 9
8. Chapter 10
9. Appendix F

1. Preface
2. Chapter 1
3. Chapter 2
4. Chapter 3
5. Chapter 4
6. Chapter 5
7. Chapter 6
8. Chapter 7
9. Chapter 8
10. Chapter 9
11. Chapter 10
12. Appendix B
13. Appendix F

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Heat Transfer: Evolution, Design and Performance, Wiley, 2022.

Adrian Bejan

Duke University

This edition first published 2022
2022 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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The discipline of heat transfer grew as a sequence of solved problems. From these roots the doctrine emerged as a predictive method, not as a random collection of solved problems. The first problems were the most fundamental and the simplest, and they bear the names of their creators: Fourier, Prandtl, Nusselt, Reynolds, and their contemporaries. As the field grew, the problems became more ad-hoc and applied (i.e. relevant to this, but not to that), more complicated and disunited, and much more numerous and forgettable.

Hidden in this voluminous stream are the fundamental principles that emerge. Identifying these and building with them the structure of the discipline is the main characteristic of the present book. I teach not only structure but also strategy:

The structure is drawn with sharp lines: heat transfer versus thermodynamics, conduction versus convection, convection versus radiation, external convection versus internal convection, forced convection versus natural convection, combined convection and conduction, phase change, and radiation.

The strategy is to start with the simplest method (scale analysis), and follow with more laborious and exact methods. Scale analysis is powerful because it teaches how to determine (on the back of an envelope) the proper orders of magnitude of all the physical features that matter (temperature difference, heat flux, fluid velocity, boundary layer thickness, lost power). It reveals the correct dimensionless groups, which are the fewest such numbers. With them, we learn how to predict and correlate in the most compact form the results obtained analytically, numerically, and experimentally.

This book is an idea-book that points toward the future of the discipline, in four ways:

1. The relationship between configuration and performance. Traditionally, the fundamentals of heat transfer are taught by first postulating the configuration (the boundary conditions) and then solving the governing equations. The resulting solution describes the flow fields (pressure, temperature, velocity) and the currents that flow on these fields in the assumed configuration. The solution permits the calculation of global features such as pressure drop and heat transfer rate, which are important in practice.

   The key word is describe. How these features affect the desired performance of the greater installation that uses that configuration is another matter. Addressed even less is how to discover the flow configuration in the first place. This is the new point of view from which this book teaches thermal sciences. It teaches how configuration affects performance, and how to configure the flows such that performance is enhanced. It establishes performance and evolution (the freedom to change) as fundamental concepts in thermal sciences.

2. New configurations are being developed, adopted, and joined by new arrivals. This is the universal phenomenon of evolution as physics, bio and non bio, which includes technology evolution. Chief among the growing population of designs are the tree-shaped vasculatures that bathe entire areas and volumes. They are transforming the field of smart, high-density and multi-functional materials, and bringing them close to animal design. This book shows how principles of physics such as the constructal law predict a future with more degrees of freedom, economies of scale, multi-scale design, vascularization, and hierarchical distribution of many small features among the few large features.