Alan Dixon - Indigenous Management of Wetlands: Experiences in Ethiopia

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INDIGENOUS MANAGEMENT OF WETLANDS

KINGS SOAS STUDIES IN DEVELOPMENT GEOGRAPHY

Series Editors:
Robert W. Bradnock and Kathy Baker-Smith

Both the School of Oriental and African Studies and Kings College, whose geography departments have recently merged, have established international reputations for their research into these areas. This series publishes original research into all aspects of geography in the developing world, particularly linking environmental and development issues. It will be of critical interest to geographers and academics in the fields of development studies, political science, environmental studies and economics.

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Indigenous Management of Wetlands

Experiences in Ethiopia

ALAN B. DIXON

The University of Huddersfield

First published 2003 by Ashgate Publishing

Reissued 2018 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright Alan B. Dixon 2003

Alan B. Dixon has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as author of this work.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact.

A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 2002111307

ISBN 13: 978-1-138-74295-6 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-315-18201-8 (ebk)

Contents

The location of Ethiopia and the Ethiopian highlands

The seasonal pattern of rainfall in Ethiopia

The location of Illubabor zone within Ethiopia

Administrative divisions (weredas) within Illubabor zone

The seasonal pattern of rainfall and temperature recorded at Metu, central Illubabor (1967 - 1997)

The dominant vegetation in Illubabor zone

Estimates of the total area of wetland under cultivation (ha) in Illubabor zone since 1990

Hurumu wetland under cultivation in 1994

Hurumu wetland in a degraded state during 1997

Traditional wetland management

The intensification of wetland utilization

The location of the study area within Illubabor

Summary of the classification and study site selection process

The dip well apparatus

Farmers construct a resource map of Bake Chora wetland using a variety of natural materials

Field sketch of a seasonal calendar (including rainfall) produced by farmers at Dizi wetland

The final classification of wetlands into three size categories

The inflow - outflow characteristics of wetlands in the study area

Wetland order in the study area

Wetland shape in the study area

A conceptual model of wetland development based on the observation of wetland characteristics in the study area

Location of the study wetlands within the study area

A wetland agricultural calendar showing the timing of the main land use options

Chebere wetland

Wangeneye wetland (under maize cultivation)

Bake Chora wetland

Hurumu wetland

Tulube wetland (1996)

Tulube wetland (1999)

Dizi wetland

Anger wetland

Supe wetland

The average monthly rainfall in the study area (central Illubabor)

The average monthly rainfall (Dizi, Sor and Gore) during the study period (August 1997 - July 1998)

Monthly rainfall during the study period recorded at each gauge

Rainfall during the study period compared to the 31 year average of Metu, Dizi, Gore and Sor

The general trend in water table levels during the study period

Mean weekly water table elevation in the currently undrained study wetlands (August 1997 - July 1998)

Mean weekly water table elevation in the currently drained and degraded study wetlands (August 1997 -July 1998)

The range of mean weekly water table elevations recorded at each study wetland (August 1997 - July 1998)

The spatial distribution of wetland hydrological characteristics in the study wetlands

The relationship between dip well groups

Mean weekly pH levels in the study wetlands

Range of pH values in each study wetland (August 1997-July 1999)

Mean weekly pH levels recorded at the top and bottom of each wetland (August 1997 - July 1999)

The mean weekly electrical conductivity in the study wetlands (August 1997 - July 1999)

The mean weekly electrical conductivity at the top and bottom of the study wetlands (August 1997 - July 1999)

Mean monthly nitrate and phosphate levels recorded in the study wetlands (August 1997 - July 1999)

Farmer perceptions of rainfall at each wetland

Farmer perceptions of water table elevation at each site (cultivated)

Farmer perceptions of water table elevation at each site (uncultivated)

The seasonal calendar of wetland farming activities produced by Supe farmers

The practice of ditch blocking as a means of regulating water supply to the wetland (pictured here at Wangeneye)

The head of Bake Chora wetland showing a range of land uses including the reservation of cheffe

Cheffe reservation alongside maize cultivation in Anger wetland

Dizi farmers wetland management knowledge and its origins

Indigenous pest management technology? A scarecrow in Bake Chora wetland

Farmers perceptions of rainfall compared to rainfall records

Farmers perceptions of water table elevation compared to hydrological records

Farmers perceptions of water table compared to the hydrological data

The water table typology in Bake Chora wetland and the location of an area of discoloured maize

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