Baldwin Andrew H. - Wetland habitats of North America: ecology and conservation concerns

WETLAND HABITATS OF NORTH AMERICA

THE STEPHEN BECHTEL FUND
IMPRINT IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

The Stephen Bechtel Fund has

established this imprint to promote

understanding and conservation of

our natural environment.

ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION CONCERNS

Edited by

DAROLD P. BATZER
ANDREW H. BALDWIN

The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous contribution to
this book provided by the Stephen Bechtel Fund.

University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu.

University of California Press
Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

University of California Press, Ltd.
London, England

2012 by The Regents of the University of California

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Wetland habitats of North America : ecology and conservation concerns / edited by Darold P. Batzer and Andrew H. Baldwin.

p. cm.

ISBN 978-0-520-27164-7 (cloth : alk. paper)

1. WetlandsNorth America. 2. Wetland ecologyNorth America. 3. Wetland conservationNorth America. I. Batzer, Darold P. II. Baldwin, Andrew H.
QH102.W48 2012
577.68097dc23

2011035545

Manufactured in China

19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.481992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper).

Cover photograph: Tidal freshwater marsh, Patuxent River, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Photo by Andrew H. Baldwin.

This book is dedicated to Linda, Brant, and Ross (D. P. B.)
and to
Virginia, Paula, Catherine, and Elizabeth (A. H. B.).

In memory of Charles C. Baldwin, Joan G. Ehrenfeld, and Robert L. Jefferies

ANDREW H. BALDWIN AND DAROLD P. BATZER

PART ONE
Coastal Wetlands

CATHLEEN WIGAND AND CHARLES T. ROMAN

ANDREW H. BALDWIN, PATRICK J. KANGAS, J. PATRICK MEGONIGAL, MATTHEW C. PERRY, AND DENNIS F. WHIGHAM

STEVEN C. PENNINGS, MERRYL ALBER, CLARK R. ALEXANDER, MELISSA BOOTH, ADRIAN BURD, WEI-JUN CAI, CHRISTOPHER CRAFT, CHESTER B. DEPRATTER, DANIELA DI IORIO, CHARLES S. HOPKINSON, SAMANTHA B. JOYE, CHRISTOF D. MEILE, WILLARD S. MOORE, BRIAN SILLIMAN, VICTOR THOMPSON, AND JOHN P. WARES

JENNEKE M. VISSER, JOHN W. DAY, JR., LORETTA L. BATTAGLIA, GARY P. SHAFFER, AND MARK W. HESTER

LORETTA L. BATTAGLIA, MARK S. WOODREY, MARK S. PETERSON, KEVIN S. DILLON, AND JENNEKE M. VISSER

KAREN L. MCKEE

JOHN C. CALLAWAY, AMY B. BORDE, HEIDA L. DIEFENDERFER, V. THOMAS PARKER, JOHN M. RYBCZYK, AND RONALD M. THOM

PART TWO
Inland Wetlands

LINE ROCHEFORT, MARIA STRACK, MONIQUE POULIN, JONATHAN S. PRICE, MARTHA GRAF, ANDR DESROCHERS, AND CLAUDE LAVOIE

ARAM J. K. CALHOUN, MEGAN K. GAHL, AND ROBERT F. BALDWIN

JOAN EHRENFELD

CAROL A. JOHNSTON

DOUGLAS A. WILCOX

CURTIS J. RICHARDSON

L. KATHERINE KIRKMAN, LORA L. SMITH, AND STEPHEN W. GOLLADAY

DAROLD P. BATZER, FRANK DAY, AND STEPHEN W. GOLLADAY

EVELYN E. GAISER, JOEL C. TREXLER, AND PAUL R. WETZEL

SAMMY L. KING, LORETTA L. BATTAGLIA, CLIFF R. HUPP, RICHARD F. KEIM, AND B. GRAEME LOCKABY

PATRICIA MORENO-CASASOLA, DULCE INFANTE MATA, AND HUGO LPEZ ROSAS

SUSAN GALATOWITSCH

LOREN M. SMITH, DAVID A. HAUKOS, AND SCOTT T. MCMURRY

DAVID J. COOPER, RODNEY A. CHIMNER, AND DAVID M. MERRITT

MARY JANE KELEHER AND DON SADA

JULIET C. STROMBERG, DOUGLAS C. ANDERSEN, AND MICHAEL L. SCOTT

JOSEPH P. FLESKES

LAURA GOUGH

ADDITIONAL MATERIALS ARE AVAILABLE ONLINE AT WWW.UCPRESS.EDU/GO/WETLANDHABITATS.

MERRYL ALBER, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

CLARK R. ALEXANDER, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Savannah, GA 31411

DOUGLAS C. ANDERSEN, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, c/o U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, MS 86-68220, PO Box 25007, Denver, CO 80225

ANDREW H. BALDWIN, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, 1423 Animal Science Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742,

ROBERT F. BALDWIN, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Lehotsky Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631

LORETTA L. BATTAGLIA, Department of Plant Biology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Mail-code 6509, Carbondale, IL 62901,

DAROLD P. BATZER, Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602,

MELISSA BOOTH, University of Georgia Marine Institute, Sapelo Island, GA 31327

AMY B. BORDE, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine Sciences Laboratory, 1529 West Sequim Bay Road, Sequim, WA 98382

ADRIAN BURD, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

WEI-JUN CAI, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

ARAM J. K. CALHOUN, Department of Wildlife Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469,

JOHN C. CALLAWAY, Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94117,

RODNEY A. CHIMNER, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Tech University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931

DAVID J. COOPER, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Watershed Stewardship, Forestry Room 200, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, David.

CHRISTOPHER CRAFT, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405

FRANK DAY, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529

JOHN W. DAY, Jr., Coastal Ecology Institute, Louisiana State University, 2237 Energy Coast and Environment Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803

CHESTER B. DEPRATTER, South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208

ANDR DESROCHERS, Peatland Ecology Research Group, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Universit Laval 2425, rue de lAgriculture, Qubec, Qubec G1V 0A6, Canada

HEIDA L. DIEFENDERFER, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine Sciences Laboratory, 1529 West Sequim Bay Road, Sequim, WA 98382

DANIELA DI IORIO, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

KEVIN S. DILLON, Department of Coastal Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564

JOAN EHRENFELD, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, SEBS, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901

JOSEPH P. FLESKES, U.S. Geological SurveyWestern Ecological Research Center, 6924 Tremont Road, Dixon, CA 95620,

MEGAN K. GAHL, Department of Biology, Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, 100 Tucker Park Boulevard, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada

SUSAN GALATOWITSCH, University of Minnesota, Department of Horticultural Science, 305 Alderman Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108,

STEPHEN W. GOLLADAY, J. W. Jones Ecological Research Center, Route 2, Box 2324, Newton, GA 39870

LAURA GOUGH, Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019,