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D. P. S. Peacock - The Ancient Red Sea Port of Adulis, Eritrea: Report of the Etritro-British Expedition, 2004-5

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The Ancient Red Sea Port of Adulis, Eritrea: Report of the Etritro-British Expedition, 2004-5
Author:
D P S Peacock / Evan Peacock / Lucy Blue
Publisher:
Oxbow Books
Genre:
Books / Romance novel
Year:
2007
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The port of Adulis was one of greatest significance in Antiquity. It is best known for its role in Aksumite trade during the fourth - seventh centuries AD. However it is also a major port of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , a sailors hand-book of the first century AD. Not only did it offer a good harbour on the route to India, but it was a source for luxuries such as ivory, tortoise-shell and rhinoceros horn. The site was first identified by Henry Salt, in 1810, but there have always been a number of problems, both chronological and topographical with the identification. Firstly, the surface pottery is late in date and accords with Aksumitic importance rather than the Roman. Secondly, Adulis is referred to as a port, but it is today 7 km from the sea. The Periplus refers to an island approached by a causeway, which suggested to some that the site was originally at Massawa, 60 km to the north, a town which today comprises islands connected by causeways. The work of Cosmas Indicopleustes Christian Topography written in the 6th Century AD mentions two other places, Gabaza and Samidi, which have never been identified. The fieldwork on which this book is based resolves these issues. It is suggested that Roman Adulis underlies the Aksumite city. Also the pottery and structures on the Galala hills to the south, show that this was almost certainly the site of Aksumite Gabaza. However, off the seaward end of the hills is a rock which would have been a small island in Roman times and on it was a scatter of 1st century AD Roman wine amphorae (Dressel 2-4). The Periplus tells us that ships used to moor of Diodorus Island which was connected to the mainland by a causeway, but was later moved to an island called Orein (hilly) for greater security. The latter can be none other than Dese which is the only hilly island in the area and on it field survey has located a fine harbour and an early Roman settlement. The remaining site, Samidi, has also been found, for 7 km north of Adulis are large stone mounds. Architectural fragments and fragments of human bone suggest that this may have been an impressive mausoleum, perhaps the burial place of the kings of Adulis.

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The Ancient Red Sea Port of Adulis, Eritrea

Results of the Eritro-British Expedition, 2004-5

The Ancient Red Sea Port of Adulis, Eritrea

Results of the Eritro-British Expedition, 2004-5

Edited by

David Peacock and Lucy Blue

Assisted by

Darren Glazier

Illustrations by

Julian Whitewright, Jillian Phillips

and Penny Copeland

With the collaboration of

Yohannes Gebreyesus, Daniel Habtemichael

and Rezene Russom

Oxbow Books

First published in the United Kingdom in 2007. Reprinted in 2016 by

OXBOW BOOKS

10 Hythe Bridge Street, Oxford OX1 2EW

and in the United States by

OXBOW BOOKS

1950 Lawrence Road, Havertown, PA 19083

Oxbow Books, David Peacock and Lucy Blue

Paperback Edition: ISBN 978-1-84217-308-4

Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78570-405-5 (ePub)

Mobi ISBN: 978-1-78570-406-2

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher in writing.

For a complete list of Oxbow titles, please contact:

UNITED KINGDOM	UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Oxbow Books	Oxbow Books
Telephone (01865) 241249, Fax (01865) 794449	Telephone (800) 791-9354, Fax (610) 853-9146
Email:	Email:
www.oxbowbooks.com	www.casemateacademic.com/oxbow

Oxbow Books is part of the Casemate Group

Cover design is by Julian Whitewright and Penny Copeland

Contents

List of illustrations

Fig. 1.1. Map of the Red Sea area showing the location of Adulis.

Fig. 1.2. A view of Adulis showing the typical topography with scrub covered mounds.

Fig. 1.3. The maritime approaches to Adulis.

Fig. 2.1. Sixth century map by Cosmas Indicopleustes (from Wolska-Conus 1968). Note the town of Adulis with its inscriptions, the customs house of Gabaza, Samidi and the route to Aksum.

Fig. 2.2. Lefebvres plan of Adulis. The hatched rectangles may represent modern houses.

Fig. 2.3. The construction of Napiers disembarkation pier (from Holland and Hozier 1870).

Fig. 2.4. Remains of the railway and pier at Malcatto.

Fig. 2.5. A photograph showing the construction of the railway and the British camp (from Myatt 1970).

Fig. 2.6. Plan of Adulis by Sundstrm (1907)

Fig. 2.7. Sundstrms plan of the so-called palace he excavated.

Fig. 3.1. The topography of the site of Adulis.

Fig. 3.2. The topography of the site of Adulis showing sites of previous excavations.

Fig. 3.3. A view of the church during excavation by the British Museum.

Fig. 3.4. Plan of the church excavated by the British Museum

Fig. 3.5. A plan of structures in Anfrays trench.

Fig. 3.6. A schematic plan of Paribenis excavations in the south-west corner of Adulis.

Fig. 3.7. Results of the geophysical survey.

Fig. 3.8. Interpretation of the geophysical survey.

Fig. 4.1. View of the Galala hills from the north.

Fig. 4.2. View of the western-most hill from the eastern hill.

Fig. 4.3. View of Diodorus island off the eastern end of the hills.

Fig. 4.4. View of Diodorus island from the foot of the Galala hills.

Fig. 4.5. Pot still in situ .

Fig. 5.1 Satellite image showing coast and suggested configuration of the ancient shoreline.

Fig. 5.2. The ancient shoreline showing the location of beach and other deposits.

Fig. 5.3. The location of sedimentological transects around Galala hills.

Fig. 5.4. The location of the auger holes around the Galala Hills.

Fig. 5.5. Sedimentological stratigraphy of auger cores around Galala Hills

Fig. 5.6. Material recovered from analysised sediment samples. Top: gypsum; Middle: ostracod; Bottom: seruplid

Fig. 6.1. A beach at Dese showing the hilly topography behind.

Fig. 6.2. Quickbird satellite image of Dese.

Fig. 6.3. Map of Dese showing localities mentioned in the text.

Fig. 6.4. The modern settlement from the sea, with hills behind and location of Sheiks tomb or possible skopelos.

Fig. 6.5. Stone buildings, Dese.

Fig. 6.6. Modern settlement on Dese.

Fig. 6.7. Central valley, site A.

Fig. 6.8. Enlargement of the satellite image showing linear features in the region of the lagoon.

Fig. 7.1. The location of Samidi.

Fig. 7.2 Survey of Samidi South.

Fig. 7.3 Survey of Samidi North.

Fig. 7.4. A view of the mound of Samidi South.

Fig. 7.5. A view of the mound of Samidi North.

Fig. 7.6. A view of the mound of Samidi North.

Fig. 7.7. Architectural fragments from Samidi South.

Fig. 7.8. The stone setting on Samidi North showing markings.

Fig. 7.9. Markings on the stones of Samidi North.

Fig. 7.10. Distribution of mounds south-west of Massawa airport.

Fig. 7.11. Detail of central cluster of mounds.

Fig. 7.12. Detail of mound in main cluster.

Fig. 7.13. Detail of mound in main cluster.

Fig. 8.1. Diodorus island amphorae.

Fig. 8.2. Diodorus island coarse ware.

Fig. 8.3. Diodorus island, hand made jars and bowls.

Fig. 8.4 Diodorus island fine ware.

Fig. 8.5. Amphorae from Dese site A.

Fig. 8.6. Amphorae from Dese site B.

Fig. 8.7. Pottery from the Galala hills.

Fig. 8.8. Pottery from shoreline deposits.

Fig. 8.9. Location and numbering of squares used in gridded survey.

Fig. 8.10. Distribution of obsidian.

Fig. 8.11. Distribution of pottery regarded as possibly pre-Aksumite.

Fig. 8.12. Distribution of Ayla-Aksum amphorae.

Fig. 8.13. Distribution of Late Roman 1 and 2 amphorae.

Fig. 8.14. Distribution of African amphorae.

Fig. 8.15. Pottery from the area radiocarbon dated.

Fig. 8.16. Imported Aksumite period pottery.

Fig. 8.17. Hand-made Aksumite period pottery.

Fig. 8.18. Scratch top ware.

Fig. 8.19. Hand-made open bowls.

Fig. 8.20. Hand-made jars with everted rim and necked jars.

Fig. 8.21. FAME content of selected Ayla-Aksum amphorae.

Fig. 9.1. View of Anfray trench in 2005.

Fig. 9.2. View of the main wall exposed in Anfrays trench.

Fig. 9.3. Profile of the wall.

Fig. 9.4. Blocks exposed in the British Museum church.

Fig. 9.5. Block exposed in the British Museum church.

Fig. 9.6. Blocks from other parts of Adulis.

Fig. 9.7. Alabaster moulding from the palace site.

Fig. 9.8. Spiral column fragment in Proconnesian marble.

Fig. 9.9. Obsidian Ba:Zr ratio.

Fig. 9.10. Obsidian Nb:Zr ratio.

Fig. 9.11. Marble recorded by Lefebvre.

Fig. 9.12. Marble from the church recorded by Munro Hay (1989).

Tables

Table 5.1. Sediment samples.

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