William M. Reddy - The Invisible Code: Honor and Sentiment in Postrevolutionary France, 1814-1848

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Page iii The Invisible Code Honor and Sentiment in Postrevolutionary France, 18141848 William M. Reddy UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley / Los Angeles / London

Page iv University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England 1997 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Reddy, William M. The invisible code : honor and sentiment in postrevolutionary France, 18141848 / William M. Reddy. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-520-20536-7 (alk. paper) 1. FranceHistoryRevolution, 17891799Influence. 2. HonorFranceHistory19th century. 3. FranceSocial conditions19th century. 4. Women and democracyFrance History19th century. I. Title. DC252.R38 1997 944.04dc20 96-21675 Printed in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standards for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.

Page v To Claire

Page vii Contents List of Illustrations and Tables ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xv 1 Introduction 1 2 The Hidden Pedagogy of Honor: Cicero, Racine, Svign 18 3 Sensitive Hearts: Marital Honor and Women's Identity 65 4 The Ladder Up: Accumulating Honors in the Ministry of the Interior 114 5 Condottieri of the Pen: The Political Honor of Journalists 184 6 Conclusion: Gender and Sentiment 228 Bibliography 239 Index 253

Page ix Illustrations and Tables Plates Following p. 136 The Mistress of the House. Engraving by Eugne Lamy, 1840. The Adulterous Woman. Engraving by Hippolyte Lucas, 1840. The Vegetable Woman. Engraving by Pauquet, 1841. The Supernumerary. Lithograph by Henry Monnier, 1828. Asking for a Raise. Lithograph by Henry Monnier, 1828. Ten o'Clock: Reading Newspapers, Breakfast, Trimming Quills. Lithograph by Henry Monnier, 1828. The Political Journalist. Engraving by Paul Gavarni, 1840. The Literary Journalist. Engraving by Eugne Lamy, 1840. Figures 1. Number of Newspapers Worked for by Journalists. 212 Tables 1. Variation in Number of Newspapers Worked for, as Reported in Two Sources, for Fifty-nine Journalists. 213

Page xi Preface The great legacy of French revolutionary legislation was consolidated and transmitted to the nineteenth century between 1804 and 1810 in a number of Napoleonic compilations, including the Code civil and the Code pnal. The abolition of privilege, equality before the law, the right of due process, freedom of contractthese and other principles of 1789 were enshrined in definitive form in the codes, in terse, easy to understand French. The codes also consolidated a noteworthy decline in the status of women from a high point of the early 1790s. The authority of fathers and husbands over women and their property was rendered complete; women were firmly excluded from participation in politics; divorce was retained, but made much more difficult to obtain than under the initial divorce law of 1792. (Divorce would be eliminated entirely immediately after the Bourbon Restoration, in 1816.) Husbands were given the power of marital correction over wives and were excused even if they should slay a wife caught in the act of adultery. The Codes provided the structure of a new male public sphere of open competition, in which talent and merit were to receive their due and in which property and money would flow freely from hand to hand in response to the pressures of supply and demand, and from which the family and women would be firmly excluded. But there was another code, an invisible one, that was also transmitted to the future by the work of the Napoleonic years, a code of honor. It was invisible, as we shall see, because observers presumed honor to be a thing of the past and easily categorized its manifestations as traces of the "shameful" influence of bourgeois self-interest. This code of honor had a family and marital dimension and a public or political dimension,

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