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Kenneth Alibek - Bioterrorism and Infectious Agents: A New Dilemma for the 21st Century

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Kenneth Alibek Bioterrorism and Infectious Agents: A New Dilemma for the 21st Century

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Since the terrorist attack on the United States on September 11, 2001 and subsequent cases of anthrax in Florida and New York City, attention has been focused on the threat of b- logical warfare and bioterrorism. Biological warfare agents are de?ned as living org- isms, whatever their nature, or infected material derived from them, which are used for h- tile purposes and intended to cause disease or death in man, animals and plants, and depend for their efforts on the ability to multiply in person, animal or plant attacked. Biological warfare agents may be well suited for bioterrorism to create havoc and terror in a civilian population, because they are cheap and easy to obtain and dispense. Infectious or contagious diseases have played a major part in the history of warfare deliberately or inadvertently in restricting or assisting invading armies over the centuries. In 1346, the Tartars catapulted plaque-infected bodies into Kaffa in the Crimea to end a 3-year siege. Blankets contaminated with smallpox to infect North American Indians were used by British forces in the 18th century. More recently, the Japanese released ?eas infected with plaque in Chinese cities in the 1930s and 1940s. Biological research programs for both offensive and defensive strategies have been developed by the United States, Britain, the former Soviet Union, and Canada; several other nations are thought to have such programs.

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Bioterrorism and Infectious Agents A New Dilemma for the 21st Century - photo 1
Bioterrorism and Infectious Agents : A New Dilemma for the 21st Century

Series Editor: I. W. Fong

Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto

Head of Infectious Diseases, St. Michaels Hospital

Recent volumes in this series:

INFECTIONS AND THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: New Perspectives Edited by I. W. Fong

REEMERGENCE OF ESTABLISHED PATHOGENS IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Edited by I. W. Fong and Karl Drlica

BIOTERRORISM AND INFECTIOUS AGENTS: A New Dilemma for the 21st Century Edited by I. W. Fong and Kenneth Alibek

A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information, please contact the publisher.

Bioterrorism and Infectious Agents: A New Dilemma for the 21st Century

Edited by

I. W. Fong

University of Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital Toronto, Ontario, Canada

and

Kenneth Alibek

The National Center for Biodefense George Mason University Manassas, Virginia

Editors IW Fong Kenneth Alibek University of Toronto Department of Medical - photo 2

Editors

I.W. Fong Kenneth Alibek University of Toronto Department of Medical Microbiology 30 Bond Street and Immunology Room 4179W George Mason Universuty Toronto, ON M5B 1W8 National Center for Biodefense Canada 10900 University Blvd.

Manassas, VA 20110 MS 1A8 USA

ISBN 978-1-4419-1265-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-1266-4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1266-4Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009932897

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permis sion of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Contributors

Kenneth Alibek The National Center for Biodefense, George Mason University, Manassas, VA

Harvey Artsob National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Health Canada, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Thomas P. Bleck Neurological Surgery and Internal Medicine, and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Charlottesville, VA

George W. Christopher Wilford Hall Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, TX

Theodore J. Cieslak San Antonio Military Pediatric Center, San Antonio, TX

David Allan Brett Dance Health Protection Agency, Department of Microbiology, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, Devon, UK

David T. Dennis Division Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA

Edward M. Eitzen, Jr. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC

Heinz Feldmann National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Health Canada, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Ignatius W. Fong University of Toronto, St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Allison Groseth National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Health Canada, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Lisa Hodges Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA

Steven Jones National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Health Canada, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

J. Michael Lane Smallpox Eradication Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

Atlanta, GA Catherine Lobanova The National Center for Biodefense, George Mason University, Manassas, VA

Maor Maman Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps Headquarters, Israel

Martin I. Metzer Office of Surveillance, Office of the Director, National Center for Infec tious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA Robert L. Penn Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences

Center, Shreveport, LA Serguei Popov National Center for Biodefense, George Mason University, Manassas, VA Lila Summer A Human Writes, Atlanta, GA Yoav Yehezkelli Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps Headquarters, Israel

Prefac e

Since the terrorist attack on the United States on September 11, 2001 and subsequent cases of anthrax in Florida and New York City, attention has been focused on the threat of bio logical warfare and bioterrorism. Biological warfare agents are defined as living organisms, whatever their nature, or infected material derived from them, which are used for hostile purposes and intended to cause disease or death in man, animals and plants, and depend for their efforts on the ability to multiply in person, animal or plant attacked. Biological warfare agents may be well suited for bioterrorism to create havoc and terror in a civilian population, because they are cheap and easy to obtain and dispense.

Infectious or contagious diseases have played a major part in the history of warfare deliberately or inadvertently in restricting or assisting invading armies over the centuries. In 1346, the Tartars catapulted plaque-infected bodies into Kaffa in the Crimea to end a 3-year siege. Blankets contaminated with smallpox to infect North American Indians were used by British forces in the 18th century. More recently, the Japanese released fleas infected with plaque in Chinese cities in the 1930s and 1940s.

Biological research programs for both offensive and defensive strategies have been developed by the United States, Britain, the former Soviet Union, and Canada; several other nations are thought to have such programs.

Thus, it is important that physicians and health care personnel on the front line (Emergency physicians, Public Health personnel, Internists, Infectious Disease specialists, Microbiologists, Critical care specialists, and even General practitioners) be aware of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of these potentially deadly diseases. Awareness is the key to recognition of a bioterrorism attack. Thus, this volume will provide health care workers with up-to-date important reviews by world-renowned experts on infectious and biological agents that could be used for bioterrorism.

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