Rajesh Kumar Kesharwani - Prebiotics and Probiotics in Disease Regulation and Management

Scrivener Publishing

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Publishers at Scrivener

Martin Scrivener ()

Phillip Carmical ()

Edited by

Rajesh K. Kesharwani

Tingirikari Jagan Mohan Rao

and

Raj K. Keservani

This edition first published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-394-16627-5

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The demand for biobased products is increasing enormously, among which are prebiotic oligosaccharides and probiotics, which occupy a major share of the food industry. Even though the majority of agro waste is currently being used for the production of 2G biofuels, agro waste such as citrus peel, sugar beet pulp, copra meal, and wheat husk can be considered for the pro-duction of prebiotic oligosaccharides. Prebiotics are dietary fibers which are selectively fermented by the microbes present in the gut and promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestine and regulate the growth of harmful bacteria. Thus, help in maintaining gut homeostasis.

This book highlights the importance of nutraceuticals (prebiotics, and probiotics) in maintaining gut homeostasis, prevention and treatment of gut related disorders, as anti-cancer agent, immune-modulatory agent and in treatment of metabolic disorders. This book brings out the current challenges involved in formulation and development of nutraceuticals, together with the application of nanotechnology and bioinformatics-based approaches to study the effect of nutraceuticals on oral health, and gut microflora in a very precise way.

This book will be very informative not only to those in the scientific community working in various fields associated with disease prevention and treatment in the medical, biopharmaceutical and health sectors; but also as a resource to update budding researchers on the current use of pre-biotics and probiotics for the regulation, prevention and management of diseases.

We express our heartfelt appreciation to all the authors on behalf of the entire editorial board and the publisher. It was with your kind co-opera-tion, enthusiasm, and spirit of the authors we could have make this book published. We thank all the authors for considering our request and con-tributed significantly by sharing their knowledge and expertise in the developing the content of this book. It would be not appropriate if I fail to mention the tireless efforts of Martin Scrivener, and Linda Mohr (Editorial Assistant) of Scrivener Publication for making this book within a short time span. We dream of tremendous citations for your book chapters in near future. We hope that the co-operation of authors will continue in future too.

Editors

Rajesh K. Kesharwani

Tingirikari Jagan Mohan Rao

Raj K. Keservani

July 2022

Kunal Kumar and Rajani Sharma

Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, India

Abstract

The living world is well invaded by microbes. Some impart beneficial roles, while others are harmful. The human body also has a number of symbiotic microbes that are beneficial in metabolic activities. Such microbes are categorized under probiotics. Probiotics have a natural mechanism to check the growth of pathogens and favors the growth of essential microbes. Such microbes are involved in major metabolic responses and utilize the residues as nutrition. They are also involved in the absorption of essential minerals from the intestine, repairing epithelial cells, boosting the immune system of our gut environment, and takes part in the treatment of major gastrointestinal diseases. Fermented foods are a natural source of probiotics. With such significance nowadays, it is also available commercially. The chapter has reflected the beneficial effect of probiotics in gut-related diseases.

Keywords: Probiotics, gastrointestinal diseases, inhibit pathogen, immune booster

Microbes are omnipotent. They have adapted even to the adverse conditions. They can survive in hot springs as well as in the Arctic Ocean [1]. Microbes have significance in various life effecting metabolic activities. They have both beneficial and harmful effect on other living as well as the non-living worlds. They are well involved in the demineralization of soil to the recycling of nutrition. Microbes also have a significant role in the human body [2]. Few relations are even life taking and other play a central role in healthy living. These microbiomes may include archaea, bacterial, viruses, and even eukaryotes. The microbiomes are also involved in physiological regulations [3]. A significant role of microbes was seen in the gut of humans. It can survive even under adverse condition like in the gallbladder, which consists of antimicrobial activity of gastric juice [4]. They also cast a symbiotic relationship with the gut microenvironment. In the 19th century, a special categorization of microbes was done which has a beneficial role in human health. Such microbes were termed as probiotics [5]. Ferdinand Vergin was the first to coin the term probiotic in 1954, which is derived from the Greek word meaning for life. He mentioned probiotics as useful organisms and depicted their nature in his book Anti-und Probiotika [6]. In 1995, Gibson and Roberfroid consider probiotics as non-digested food components, which support the growth of microbes that maintain the health of the gastrointestinal tract [7]. Its usefulness was also supported by Fuller in 1989, Guarner and Schaafsma in 1998 [8, 9]. Later in the year 1965 Lilly and Stillwell defined probiotics as a growth promoter of other microorganisms. Few of the microbes promote the growth of probiotics by fermenting the non-digested food and serving the product as nutrition for them. Such organisms are known as Prebiotic [10]. The chapter aims to put together the mechanism of probiotics in serving gut diseases.