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Ken Hughes - Chasing Shadows: The Nixon Tapes, the Chennault Affair, and the Origins of Watergate

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The break-in at Watergate and the cover-up that followed brought about the resignation of Richard Nixon, creating a political shockwave that reverberates to this day. But as Ken Hughes reveals in his powerful new book, in all the thousands of hours of declassified White House tapes, the president orders a single break-in--and it is not at the Watergate complex. Hughess examination of this earlier break-in, plans for which the White House ultimately scrapped, provides a shocking new perspective on a long history of illegal activity that prolonged the Vietnam War and was only partly exposed by the Watergate scandal.


As a key player in the University of Virginias Miller Center Presidential Recordings Program, Hughes has spent more than a decade developing and mining the largest extant collection of transcribed tapes from the Johnson and Nixon White Houses. Hughess unparalleled investigation has allowed him to unearth a pattern of actions by Nixon going back long before 1972, to the final months of the Johnson administration. Hughes identified a clear narrative line that begins during the 1968 campaign, when Nixon, concerned about the impact on his presidential bid of the Paris peace talks with the Vietnamese, secretly undermined the negotiations through a Republican fundraiser named Anna Chennault. Three years after the election, in an atmosphere of paranoia brought on by the explosive appearance of the Pentagon Papers, Nixon feared that his treasonous--and politically damaging--manipulation of the Vietnam talks would be exposed. Hughes shows how this fear led to the creation of the Secret Investigations Unit, the White House Plumbers, and Nixons initiation of illegal covert operations guided by the Oval Office. Hughess unrivaled command of the White House tapes has allowed him to build an argument about Nixon that goes far beyond what we think we know about Watergate.


Chasing Shadows is also available as a special e-book that links to the massive collection of White House tapes published by the Miller Center through Rotunda, the electronic imprint of the University of Virginia Press. This unique edition allows the reader to move seamlessly from the book to the recordings expertly rendered transcripts and to listen to audio files of the remarkable--and occasionally shocking--conversations on which this dark chapter in American history would ultimately turn.

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CHASING SHADOWS University of Virginia Press 2014 by the Rector and - photo 1
CHASING
SHADOWS
University of Virginia Press 2014 by the Rector and Visitors of the University - photo 2
University of Virginia Press
2014 by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, Miller Center
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
First published 2014
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Hughes, Ken, 1964
Chasing shadows : the Nixon tapes, the Chennault affair, and the origins of Watergate / Ken Hughes.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8139-3663-5 (cloth : acid-free paper) ISBN 978-0-8139-3664-2 (e-book)
1. United StatesPolitics and government19691974. 2. Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 19131994Political and social views. 3. Audiotapes. 4. Chennault, Anna. 5. Watergate Affair, 19721974. 6. United StatesPolitics and government19611963. 7. United StatesPolitics and government19631969. I. Title.
E 855. H 83 2014
973.924092dc23
2014013429
To Alison
of the greatest gifts
CONTENTS

What more could we possibly need to know about Watergate? Four decades have passed since Richard Nixon left the White House looking like a man whose worst fears were being realized. But he had not yet hit bottom. President Gerald Fords blanket pardon soon relieved him of the fear of prosecution and imprisonment, but that was not the ultimate threat Nixon faced. His presidency had been ended by a handful of tapes, secretly recorded on his own orders via microphones hidden in the Oval Office and other locations where he conducted the peoples business. Public exposure of the full collection of Nixon tapes could destroy much of what remained of his reputation. The 3,432 hours of recordings captured a pivotal time in his presidency and American history. During the time of his secret taping, February 16, 1971, to July 12, 1973, Nixon negotiated the diplomatic opening to China, the first nuclear arms limitation treaty with the Soviet Union, and a settlement of what was then Americas longest war, while winning a landslide reelection that realigned American politics and (not coincidentally) committing the wide-ranging abuses of power known collectively as Watergate. Until his dying day, the former president waged a legal battle to keep the public from learning what was on the rest of his tapes. The reasons became clear after his death, as the federal government gradually released most of the Nixon tapes (while withholding material on policy, privacy, and national security grounds) over the next two decades, a process completed only in August of 2013. At the same time, the National Archives made public many of the 50 million pages of Nixon administration documents in its collection.
In an article reflecting on the fortieth anniversary of the Watergate break-in, Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, the two investigative journalists whose trailblazing articles in the days and months following the burglary started to expose the pervasive abuses of power behind it , marveled at the wealth of documentation now available: Today, much more than when we first covered this story as young Washington Post reporters, an abundant record provides unambiguous answers and evidence about Watergate and its meaning. From this record, Woodward and Bernstein concluded that Watergate consisted of five wars waged by Nixon: against the antiVietnam War movement, the news media, the Democrats, the justice system and, finally, against history itself.
The Chennault Affair played an unacknowledged, largely unseen, role in all five of these Watergate wars, driving some of Nixons most outrageous assaults on war critics, journalism, the opposition, justice, and history. The affair is a thread running through the Huston Plan, the Enemies List, and the Special Investigations Unit (the Plumbers), and it provides clearer answers to questions about some of the more outlandish decisions Nixon made. Why was his reaction to the leak of the Pentagon Papers so extreme? Why was he obsessed with getting his hands on all government documents related to his predecessors decision to stop bombing North Vietnam in 1968? Why did he order the Watergate cover-up?
The Chennault Affair is not, however, the magical key to all of Watergate; its part of a much bigger, complicated story. Many factors contributed to Nixons fall, far more than I can fit in these pages. Wand-waving accounts that reduce the complexity of Nixons downfall to a single cause are the preserve of Watergate revisionists. From time to time a new theory emerges placing the blame for Nixons undoing on the scheming of a scapegoat (or, more marketably, a shadowy conspiracy of scapegoats). John W. Dean plays a recurring, featured role in these fantasies. Ever since Dean went from White House counsel to witness for the prosecution in the spring of 1973, Nixon and his defenders have tried to shift responsibility for Watergate onto his shoulders. Dean was a key figure in the cover-up, but not the central one. That was Nixon. The notion that the president was the victim of a criminal conspiracy rather than the perpetrator of one cannot survive the tape-recorded sounds of him calling the shots from the Oval Office.
His secret tapesand what they revealwill probably be his most lasting legacy, Woodward and Bernstein wrote in 2012. The authors of two enduring classics on Watergate, All the Presidents Men and The Final Days, found that there was even more to the story than investigators uncovered at the time: The Watergate that we wrote about in the Washington Post from 1972 to 1974 is not Watergate as we know it today. It was only a glimpse into something far worse.
Since 2000 I have studied the White House tapes as part of the Presidential Recordings Program founded by the University of Virginias Miller Center. These years of research have convinced me that the origins of Watergate extend deeper than we previously knew to encompass a crime committed to elect Nixon president in the first place. Chasing Shadows tells the story of that crime and its role in the unmaking of the president.
CHASING
SHADOWS
O N ALL 2,658 hours of secretly recorded Nixon White House tapes that the government has declassified to date, you can hear the president of the United States order precisely one break-in. It wasnt Watergate, but it does expose the roots of the cover-up that ultimately brought down Richard Milhous Nixon. Investigation of its origin reveals almost as much about the presidents rise as his fall.
June 17, 1971, 5:15 p.m., the Oval Office. None of the presidents men knew what to do when he ordered them to burglarize the Brookings Institution, a venerable Washington think tank. Richard Nixon had gathered his inner circle to talk about something entirely differentthe recent leak of the Pentagon Papers, at that point the biggest unauthorized disclosure of classified information in US history. The seven-thousand-page Defense Department history of Vietnam decision making during the administrations of Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson had nothing on President Nixon. The study stopped well before his election, climaxing with LBJs surprise March 31, 1968, announcement that he would not seek a second full term.
In that same speech, Johnson created the issue that nearly sank Nixons presidential campaign. LBJ announced that he was limiting American bombing of North Vietnamand would stop it completely if Hanoi could convince him that this would lead to prompt, productive peace talks.
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