Birendra Nath Prasad - Rethinking Bihar and Bengal: History, Culture and Religion

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RETHINKING BIHAR AND BENGAL

This book is a collection of some of the published papers of the author, published mostly abroad, and unravels some significant yet hitherto neglected aspects of history, culture and religion of Bihar and Bengal: two areas that were connected through an intricate network of rivers. Themes looked into are: early historic urbanisation in the Mithil plains of North Bihar; the social history of Brahmanical religious institutions (temples and Mahas) in early medieval Bihar and Bengal; the social history of Buddhist monasticism in early medieval Bihar and Bengal; the integration of a local goddess into the institutional fabric of Mahayana Buddhism; the survival of Buddhism in the thirteenth and fourteenth century AD; pilgrimage from Central India and Deccan to a Hindu pil grimage centre of Bihar in the medieval period; and the debate on the Islamisation of medieval eastern Bengal.

Birendra Nath Prasad is Assistant Professor at the Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, where he teaches social history of religion in India and Southeast Asia. His publications include Monasteries, Shrines and Society: Buddhist and Brahmanical Religious Institutions in India in their Socio-Economic Context (edited, Delhi, 2011); Buddhism in a Poly-Religious Context: An Archaeological History of Buddhist, Brahmanical and Jaina Religious Centres in Early Medieval Bihar and Bengal (Delhi, 2021); Social History of Indian Buddhism: New Researches (edited, Delhi, 2021, forth coming), and many peer-reviewed research articles in prestigious international journals such as Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies (Oxford), Buddhist Studies Review (London), Religions of South Asia (London/Sheffield) and Berlin Indological Studies.

Rethinking Bihar and Bengal

History, Culture and Religion

BIRENDRA NATH PRASAD

First published 2022
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2022 Birendra Nath Prasad and Manohar Publishers & Distributors

The right of Birendra Nath Prasad to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Print edition not for sale in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan or Bhutan)

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN: 9781032117225 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781003221227 (ebk)

DOI: 10.4324/9781003221227

Typeset in Adobe Garamond 11/13
by Kohli Print, Delhi 110051

Contents

• Preface
• Acknowledgements

1. Urbanization in Early Historic Vail, c. 600 BCE-400 CE
2. The Socio-Religious Dimensions of Dedicatory Inscriptions on Sculptures Donated to a Buddhist Establishment in Early Medieval Magadha: Kurkihar, c. 800 CE-1200 CE
3. A Folk Tradition Integrated into Mahyna Buddhism: Some Observations on the Votive Inscriptions on the Sculptures of Puevar/Prevar/Puyevar Discovered in the Kiul-Lakhisarai Area, Bihar
4. The Social Bases of Patronage to the Vikramail Mahvihra: An Epigraphic Enquiry
5. Evolution of the Social Bases of Patronage to the Sacred Complex of Mandra Hill: An Inscriptional Enquiry
6. Brahmanical Temples, Mahas, Agrahras and a Buddhist Establishment in a Marshy and Forested Periphery of Two Frontier States: Early Medieval Surma Valley (Sylhet and Cachar), c. 600 CE-1100 CE
7. A Nland Monk in the Late ThirteenthEarly Fourteenth Century India, Tibet, China and Korea: A Note on the Poetic Inscription on a Korean Stpa Erected in the Memory of Dhynabhadra
8. Pilgrimage to Gay, c.1200 CE-1550 CE: A Study of Some Sanskrit Inscriptions Discovered at Gay

• Bibliography
• Index

The articles included in this book are the products of my past twenty years of research. Many of them were published from abroad. They are not easily available for Indian and Bangladeshi readers. Some friends suggested to me to bring out a collection of these articles in the form of a book to facilitate their easier availability in India and Bangladesh. Needless to say, this book owes its origin to the suggestions of these friends.

I put on record my thanks to Prof. Richard Gombrich, Prof. Peter Harvey, Prof. Simon Brodbeck, Prof. Dermot Killingley, Prof. Madhu Khanna, Prof. Debi Prasad Dubey, Prof. Anil Kumar and Prof. Rupen Kumar Chattopadhyay for their support. Academic discussions with Dr. Umakant Mishra were always fruitful. Prof. Heeraman Tiwari, Prof. Umesh Kadam and Prof. Pius Malekandathilmy esteemed colleagues at the Centre for Historical Studies, JNUwere always available whenever I encountered any issue. Nayan Dhawal, Siva Yadav and Rohit KumarPhD scholars working under my super-visionrendered valuable help.

This work would not have seen the light of the day without the active support of my wife (Rashmi Prabha) and my father-in-law (Dr. Prabhas Kumar). Pragati, Anurag and Adityaour three childrenhad to sacrifice their share of time with their father for the completion of the book. I remain thankful to all of them.

BIRENDRA NATH PRASAD

The author and the publisher would like to thank the editors and publishers of the following journals and books for their permission to reprint the articles in the present book:

1. Urbanization at Early Historic Vail, c. 600 bcece 400, in D.N. Jha (ed.), The Complex Heritage of Early India: Essays in Memory of Professor R.S. Sharma, Manohar, New Delhi, 2014, pp. 21342.
2. The Socio-Religious Dimensions of Dedicatory Inscriptions on Sculptures Donated to a Buddhist Establishment in Early Medieval Magadha: Kurkihar, c. 800 ce1200 ce, Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, vol. 7, 2014, pp. 11652. Editor of the journal: Prof. Richard Gombrich. Publisher of the journal: Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies (A Recognized Centre of the University of Oxford, UK).
3. A Folk Tradition Integrated into Mahyna Buddhism: Some Observations on the Votive Inscriptions on Sculptures of Puevar/Prevar/Puyevar Discovered in the Kiul-Lakhisarai Area, Bihar, Berliner Indologische Studien (Berlin Indological Studies), vol. 21, 2013, pp. 299306. Editor of the journal: G.J.R. Mevissen. Publisher of the journal: WEIDLER Buchverlag, Berlin.
4. The Social Bases of Patronage to the Vikramail Mahvihra: An Epigraphic Enquiry, in S. Nag and Ishrat Alam (eds.),

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