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David P. Barash - Gender Gap: The Biology of Male-female Differences

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Lets face it, say Barash and Lipton: Males and females, boys and girls, men and women are different. To be sure, these differences are often heightened by distinctions in learning, cultural tradition, and social expectation, but underpinning them all is a fundamental difference that derives from biology. Throughout the natural world, males are those creatures that make sperm; females make eggs. The oft-noticed gender gap derives, in turn, from this gamete gap. In Gender Gap, Barash and Lipton (husband and wife, professor and physician, biologist and psychiatrist) explain the evolutionary aspects of male-female differences.
After describing the theory underlying the evolutionary explanation of male-female differences-in accessible, lay-persons language-they show how it applies to specific examples of animal behavior. Then, they demonstrate comparable male-female differences in the behavior of human beings cross-culturally, as well as within the United States. Barash and Lipton apply this approach to male-female differences in sexual inclinations, propensities for violence, parenting styles, and childhood experiences. They invoke much work within the traditional social sciences, such as psychology, anthropology, and sociology, which have typically ignored biological factors in the past.
Part of the highly successful revolution in scientific thought has been the recognition that evolutionary insights can illuminate behavior, no less than anatomy and physiology. This new discipline, sometimes called sociobiology or evolutionary psychology, promises to help us make sense of ourselves and of our most significant others, shedding new light on what it means to be male or female. Now available in paperback with a new introduction by the authors, this accessible volume integrates work from a variety of fields, applying a new paradigm to research on gender differences.
David P. Barash holds a Ph.D. in zoology and is professor of psychology and zoology at the University of Washington, where he has taught since 1973. He has been especially active in the growth and development of sociobiology as a scientific discipline and has received numerous grants and awards. Barash is the author of more than 170 technical articles, and 20 books.
Judith Eve Lipton received her M.D. degree from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and completed her residency in psychiatry at the University of Washington. She is the founder and president emerita of the Washington Physicians for Social Responsibility, and Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association, specializing in womens health.

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Gender Gap Gender Gap The Biology of Male-Female Differences David P - photo 1
Gender Gap
Gender Gap
The Biology of Male-Female Differences
David P. Barash
Judith Eve Lipton
with a new introduction by the authors
Originally published in 1997 by Island Press Published 2002 by Transaction - photo 2
Originally published in 1997 by Island Press
Published 2002 by Transaction Publishers
Published 2017 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright 2002 by Taylor & Francis.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Barash, David P.
Gender gap: the biology of male-female differences / David P. Barash &
Judith Eve Lipton; with a new introduction by the authors.
p. cm.
Rev. ed. of: Making sense of sex. 1997.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7658-0886-2 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Sex. 2. Sex (Biology)Evolution. 3. Sex differences. 4. Human evolution. 5. Social evolution I. Lipton, Judith Eve. II. Barash, David P. Making sense of sex. III. Title.
GN235.B37 2001
306.7dc21 2001041528
ISBN 13: 978-0-7658-0886-8 (pbk)
Contents
GENDER GAP MEANS DIFFERENT THINGS to different people. For some, it refers to the observation that men and women tend to differ in their political preferences (with men being somewhat more likely to vote Republican these days and women, Democratic). For others it indicates any male-female differences. There is typically a gender gap, for example, in preferences for television shows, for low-fat cottage cheese versus sirloin steaks, and there is, of course, a whopping difference in who buys tampons or power tools.
In writing this book, we were concerned with identifying some of the underlying biological bases for male-female differences, independentinsofar as that is possibleof the role of early experience, cultural tradition, and social expectation. We focused on those particular aspects of male-female differences that derive from the biological differences between boys and girls, men and women, and males and females of the animal kingdom.
This material was controversial when we first wrote about it, and it remains so today. For some people, it is simply intolerable that males and females may be biologically different in ways that go beyond urogenital plumbing. Their fear is that any such differences will be used to justify oppression against women. For others, hard-wired male-female differences are devoutly to be wished for, especially if they can be used to justify oppression against women! Our messageand that, we believe, of evolutionis that such differences are genuine, although less pronounced than the former group evidently fears, and not as great as the latter might hope. Moreover, such differences do not countenance any particular political stanceso perhaps both groups will be incensed at us!
Our belief is that science is descriptive, not prescriptive. Science, including biology, is immensely useful in revealing how things are, but useless in announcing what should be done as a result. Nonetheless, social activists, some day, might conceivably want to design society so as to ameliorate some of the more troublesome aspects of male-female differences. It is also possible that others might want to exaggerate the gender gap (although this is more difficult to imagine). Still others may wish to leave things pretty much as they are.
Whatever ones political leaningswhether conservative or liberal, mischievous or beneficentthe likelihood is that any interventions, including the decision to follow an ostensibly hands off policy, will be more wisely conducted if they take human nature into account. And when it comes to human nature, the differences between males and females must be acknowledged as real, important, and downright fascinating. Moreover, when it comes to understanding those differences, there is no better guide than evolution.
But we do not want to leave the impression that a grasp of male-female differences is relevant only for possible policy implications, since this is an especially vexing and unclear realm. The payoff would be far greater in regards to personal wisdom, a deeper understanding of oneself, ones friends and partners (sexual and otherwise), as well as the satisfaction that comes from increased intellectual insight. After all, males and females make up a large part of the living world around us.
Our guess is that in the future, historians, scientists and laypersons alike will look back on the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries and scratch their heads in amazement that anyone seriously doubted that males and females are importantly different. Daily eventsin the public sphere no less than the privatehave continued to italicize the reality of male-female differences. Thus, shortly after the hardcover version of this book appeared, the Bill Clinton/Monica Lewinsky scandal surfaced. This was followed by comparable revelations about then Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich as well as his putative replacement, Bob Livingstone, the mayors of New York City and San Francisco, and the Reverend Jesse Jackson. And there is no likely end in sight.
Readers of Gender Gap will immediately understand why powerful, charismatic men exert a particular sexual attraction, especially for young, attractive women. They will also understand why so many women more than menfind the struggle of balancing career and parenthood to be an especially cruel bind, and why men are overwhelmingly the perpetrators of violence, on the international scene no less than in the personal realm of domestic, day-to-day life.
Although details vary as scientific understanding is fine tuned, the intervening few years since this book was first published have seen the accumulation of studies that confirm the existence of substantial male female differencesnot only among animals, but also among widely separated human populations, including people in the modern-day United States. Thus, even as we write this, research is under way concerning male-female differences in mate-poaching (efforts by individuals whether themselves mated or notto disrupt the mateships of others), brain function, tendencies to violence, parenting inclinations, and even in the behavior of infant boys and girls. The pattern persists: in scientific language, the fundamental male-female behavioral difference described in Gender Gap is a robust phenomenon.
Not all developments in recent years, though, have blended seamlessly into previous findings. Nor should this be surprising, since Gender Gap is fundamentally a work of sciencenot theologyand science is a process of constant reassessment and adjustment. In the realm of research, therefore, even surprises are not altogether surprising! One such modification stands out, at least from the vantage point of the year 2001. A major tenet of
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