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Christian Coseru - Perceiving Reality: Consciousness, Intentionality, and Cognition in Buddhist Philosophy

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Christian Coseru Perceiving Reality: Consciousness, Intentionality, and Cognition in Buddhist Philosophy
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What turns the continuous flow of experience into perceptually distinct objects? Can our verbal descriptions unambiguously capture what it is like to see, hear, or feel? How might we reason about the testimony that perception alone discloses? Christian Coseru proposes a rigorous and highly original way to answer these questions by developing a framework for understanding perception as a mode of apprehension that is intentionally constituted, pragmatically oriented, and causally effective. By engaging with recent discussions in phenomenology and analytic philosophy of mind, but also by drawing on the work of Husserl and Merleau-Ponty, Coseru offers a sustained argument that Buddhist philosophers, in particular those who follow the tradition of inquiry initiated by Dign?ga and Dharmak?rti, have much to offer when it comes to explaining why epistemological disputes about the evidential role of perceptual experience cannot satisfactorily be resolved without taking into account the structure of our cognitive awareness.Perceiving Reality examines the function of perception and its relation to attention, language, and discursive thought, and provides new ways of conceptualizing the Buddhist defense of the reflexivity thesis of consciousness-namely, that each cognitive event is to be understood as involving a pre-reflective implicit awareness of its own occurrence. Coseru advances an innovative approach to Buddhist philosophy of mind in the form of phenomenological naturalism, and moves beyond comparative approaches to philosophy by emphasizing the continuity of concerns between Buddhist and Western philosophical accounts of the nature of perceptual content and the character of perceptual consciousness.

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Perceiving Reality

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Perceiving Reality
Consciousness, Intentionality, and
Cognition in Buddhist Philosophy

Christian Coseru

OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS

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OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide.

Oxford New York
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Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press
in the UK and certain other countries.

Published in the United States of America by
Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016

Oxford University Press 2012

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior
permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law,
by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization.
Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the
Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Coseru, Christian.

Perceiving reality : consciousness, intentionality, and cognition in
Buddhist philosophy/Christian Coseru.
pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-19-984338-1 (hardcover: alk. paper) 1. Knowledge, Theory
of (Buddhism) 2. ConsciousnessReligious aspectsBuddhism.
3. Buddhist philosophy. 4. Phenomenology. I. Title.

BQ4440.C68 2012
121.340882943dc23
2011049529.

ISBN 978-0-19-984338-1

1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper

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For Sheridan

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CONTENTS
Acknowledgmentsix
Abbreviationsxv
1.Introduction: Taking the Structure of Awareness Seriously1
2.Naturalizing Buddhist Epistemology17
2.1.Doctrine and Argument18
2.2.Reason and Conceptual Analysis22
2.3.Interpretation and Discourse Analysis30
2.4.Logic and the Subjectivity of Thought40
2.5.Cognition as Enactive Transformation43
2.6.Phenomenological Epistemology and the Project of Naturalism50
3.Sensation and the Empirical Consciousness57
3.1.No-self and the Domains of Experience58
3.2.Two Dimensions of Mind: Consciousness as Discernment and Sentience68
3.3.Attention and Mental Proliferation71
3.4.Cognitive Awareness and Its Object75
4.Perception, Conception, and Language86
4.1.Shared Notions about Perceptual Knowledge90
4.2.Debating the Criteria for Reliable Cognition97
4.3.Cognitive Aspects and Linguistic Conventions102
4.4.Epistemology as Cognitive Event Theory109
5.An Encyclopedic and Compassionate Setting for Buddhist Epistemology124
5.1.Dependent Arising and Compassion125
5.2.Mapping the Ontological and Epistemological Domains135
5.3.Perception and the Principle of Clarity139
6.Perception as an Epistemic Modality141
6.1.The Conditions for Perceptual Knowledge142
6.2.Perception, Conception, and the Problem of Naming154

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6.3.Phenomenal Content, Phenomenal Character, and the Problem of Reference167
6.4.Cognitive Errors and Perceptual Illusions182
7.Foundationalism and the Phenomenology of Perception192
7.1.Intrinsic Ascertainment and the Given195
7.2.Particulars and Phenomenal Objects198
7.3.Foundationalism and Its Malcontents213
7.4.Naturalism and Its Discontents222
7.5.Beyond Representation: An Enactive Perception Theory226
8.Perception, Self-Awareness, and Intentionality235
8.1.Reflexivity and the Aspectual Nature of Intentional Reference236
8.2.Phenomenal Objects and the Cognitive Subconscious250
8.3.The Intentional Structure of Awareness255
8.4.An Epistemological Conundrum: Explaining the Subject-Object Relation263
9.In Defense of Epistemological Optimism274
9.1.A Moving Horizon276
9.2.Embodied Consciousness: Beyond Seeing and Seeing As280
9.3.Epistemic Authority Without Manifest Truth297
Bibliography305
Index345

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

One incurs a significant amount of debt in writing a book. Many people have provided support and assistance through comments and conversations along the way as I undertook this work, and I am extremely grateful to them all. This book is the fruit of a philosophical journey that spans four continents. In Australia, where this project began a little over a decade ago, I benefited greatly from regular discussions with Dirk Baltzly, Richard Barz, Ben Dorman, Jeremy Evans, Pamela Lyon, Chris Mortensen, Roy Perrett, Graham Priest, McComas Taylor, Sonam Thakche, Aat Vervoorn, and Greg Young. Special thanks are due to Royce Wiles for his nimble proofreading, often on very short notice, and for extending his hospitality in a most generous fashion. I am particularly indebted to the outstanding philosophical community at the Australian National University, which provided a richly stimulating environment in which to pursue ones philosophical passions. Special thanks go to Daniel Stoljar and Frank Jackson for patiently indulging my questions and for allowing me to participate in the life of the philosophy program at the Research School of Social Sciences.

In Calcutta, my first teacher and mentor, the late Sibajiban Bhattacharyya, introduced me to the rigors of Indian logic nearly two decades ago and got me thinking about the centuries-old Buddhist-Nyya debate, which in turn prompted me to consider the foundational role of perception for knowledge, which then motivated me to think about the structure of awareness. The germ of this book lies in an extensive conversation we had during my last visit to his house in the spring of 2001, when he persuaded me that if I wanted to understand why Indian and Buddhist philosophers have spent so much time problematizing consciousness I should look no further than at the character of experience itself. Of the many others Indian scholars and pandits who deserve recognition, special thanks go to Asim Kumar Datta who secured a fellowship for me at the Asiatic Society and thus gave me the freedom to pursue my research interests at leisure; to Pandit Dinesh Shastri Bhattacharyya who, despite old age and ill health, was always very enthusiastic in sharing his encyclopedic knowledge of the

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