Clive Finlayson - The Humans Who Went Extinct: Why Neanderthals Died Out and We Survived
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THE HUMANS WHO WENT EXTINCT
Clive Finlayson is Director of the Gibraltar Museum and adjunct professor at the University of Toronto. He is an evolutionary ecologist with a DPhil from the University of Oxford. For the past fifteen years he has combined his ecological work with birds with leading an international multidisciplinary project that has focused on excavations of the Pleistocene caves in Gibraltar, especially Gorhams Cave, recently confirmed as the site of the last Neanderthals on the planet. Clive is a leading exponent of the relationship between climate change, ecological change, and human evolution. His views have been summarised in his book Neanderthals and Modern Humans: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective (CUP, 2004) and numerous research papers.
THE HUMANS WHO WENT EXTINCT
WHY NEANDERTHALS DIED OUT AND WE SURVIVED
Clive Finlayson
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP
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Clive Finlayson 2009
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First published 2009
First published in paperback 2010
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Finlayson, Clive, 1955
The humans who went extinct: why neanderthals died out and we survived / Clive Finlayson.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 9780199239184 (hardback)
Neanderthals. Human evolution. Social evolution. I. Title.
GN285.F54 2009
303.4dc22 2009020070
Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
Printed in Great Britain by
Clays Ltd., St Ives plc
ISBN 9780199239184 (Hbk.)
ISBN 9780199239191 (Pbk.)
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Contents
List of Illustrations
Preface
W HY did the Neanderthals go extinct? I often get asked this question when I give a public lecture. The answer most people expect is that our own kind, those referred to as Modern Humans by palaeoanthropologists and simply as Ancestors, or Homo sapiens , in this book, wiped them out; it could have been overt aggression or a more subtle competition but eliminate them we did. Behind these assertions is the perception that our people were cleverer than the others, those ape-like Neanderthals. So it is obvious that when we both met there could only have been one outcome. We are here after all and they are not.
I started to question this dogma almost a decade ago now and I have become increasingly dissatisfied with this simplistic explanation. I started by chasing the evidence and found that there was none. When I challenged the defenders of this view at conferences the best answer that I got was that in all archaeological sites that had been studied H. sapiens remains and artefacts always appeared above, and therefore later than, Neanderthal ( Homo neanderthalensis ) ones so it was clear that H. sapiens had come in and kicked H. neanderthalensis out. When I suggested that the same evidence could be interpreted to mean that H. sapiens were only able to enter these caves once the Neanderthals had gone, and by implication that the Neanderthals had actually kept them out, there was silence.
The point is that sometimes one piece of evidence can be interpreted in more than one way, in the process raising doubts about uncorroborated assertions. The staunch crusaders of the idea that H. sapiens actively replaced
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