Robert Hargraves - Thorium: energy cheaper than coal
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THORIUM: energy cheaper than coal
Robert Hargraves
copyright 2012 Robert Hargraves
RobertHargraves has written articles and made presentations about the liquid fluoridethorium reactor and energy cheaper than coal the only realistic way to dissuadenations from burning fossil fuels. His presentation AimHigh about the technology and social benefits of the liquid fluoride thoriumreactor has been presented to audiences at Dartmouth ILEAD, Thayer School ofEngineering, Brown University, Columbia Earth Institute, Williams College,Royal Institution, the Thorium Energy Alliance, the International ThoriumEnergy Association, Google, the American Nuclear Society, and the PresidentsBlue Ribbon Commission of Americas Nuclear Future.
Withcoauthor Ralph Moir he has written articles for theAmerican Physical Society Forum on Physics and Society: Liquid Fuel NuclearReactors (Jan 2011) and American Scientist: Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactors(July 2010).
RobertHargraves is a study leader for energy policy at Dartmouth ILEAD. He was chiefinformation officer at Boston Scientific Corporation and previously a seniorconsultant with Arthur D. Little. He founded a computer software firm, DTSSIncorporated while at Dartmouth College where he was assistant professor ofmathematics and associate director of the computation center.
He graduatedfrom Brown University (PhD Physics 1967) and Dartmouth College (AB Mathematicsand Physics 1961).
Copyright2012 by Robert Hargraves, Hanover NH 03755
Website : http://www.thoriumenergycheaperthancoal.com
Cover designand graphic abstraction of the liquid fluoride thorium reactor by Suzanne HobbsBaker of PopAtomic Studios http://www.popatomic.org/
Chapters
1Introduction: an introduction to world crises related to energy andthe environment, and the potential for good solutions.
2 Energy andcivilization: the relationship between energy, life, and humancivilization, easy energy science, lifes dependence on energy flows,civilizations progress with the energy of the Industrial Revolution, and the21st century crises of global warming and energy consumption.
3 Anunsustainable world: global warming and its terrifying implicationsfor water, agriculture, food, and civilization; depletion of economicalpetroleum reserves, deadly air pollution from burning coal, increasedcompetition for natural resources from a growing population, and the solutionof new energy technology, cheaper than coal.
4 Energysources: the character and cost of current and principal emergingenergy sources: coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, solar, wind, biomass, andnuclear.
5 Liquidfluoride thorium reactor (LFTR): the history and technology ofliquid fuel nuclear reactors, the Oak Ridge demonstration molten salt reactors,thorium, LFTR, the denatured molten salt reactor (DMSR), builders, and possiblecontenders for energy cheaper than coal.
6 Safety: the safety of molten salt reactors, comparisons to alternative energy sources,radiation risks, waste, weapons, and fear.
7 Asustainable world: environmental benefits of thorium energy cheaperthan coal: reduced CO2 emissions, reduced petroleum consumption, syntheticfuels for vehicles, hydrogen power, water conservation, desalination.
8 Energypolicy: current confused policies, failure to reduce CO2 emissions,subsidies, recommendations, leadership.
Table ofContents
actinide: an element of atomic number 89 (actinium) orhigher
BTU: British Thermal Unit; 3412 BTU = 1 kWh of energy
BWR: boiling water reactor, LWR at ~60 atmospheres pressure
C: Celsius, temperature relative to water freezing
CANDU: Canadian deuterium uranium reactor
CCGT: combined cycle gas turbine
DMSR: denatured molten salt reactor; contains U-238
DOE: US Department of Energy
EIA: DOE Energy Information Agency
Flibe: fluoride salts of lithium and beryllium
FHR: fluoride high temperature reactor
G: giga, prefix meaning 1,000,000,000
GDP: gross domestic product, annual value of goods andservices
Gt: gigatonne, 1,000,000,000 tonnes
GW: gigawatt, 1,000,000,000 watts
ha: hectare, area of a 100 x 100 meter square
HEU: highly enriched uranium, over 20% U-235 or 12% U-233
INL: Idaho National Laboratory
J: joule, a unit of energy = 1 watt-second
K: Kelvin, unit of temperature, relative to absolute zero, C+ 273
k: kilo, prefix meaning 1,000
kW: kilowatt, 1,000 watts, = 3412 BTU
kWh: kilowatt-hour, the energy of 1 kW of power flowing onehour
LEU: low enrichment uranium, under 20% U-235 or 12% U-233
LFTR: liquid fluoride thorium reactor
LNT: linear no threshold, a model of radiation health risk
LWR: light water reactor, nuclear reactor cooled by ordinarywater
M: mega, prefix meaning 1,000,000
Mt: megatonne
MSR: molten salt reactor
MW: megawatt, 1,000,000 watts
MW(e): MW of electric power
MW(t): MW of thermal power (heat flow rate)
NGCT: natural gas combustion turbine
OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
ORNL: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
PB-AHTR: pebble bed advanced high-temperature reactor
PWR: pressurized water reactor, LWR, ~160 atmospherepressure
quad: 1 quadrillion BTUs
RBMK: Russian high power channel type nuclear reactor
rem: Roentgen equivalent man, 0.01 Sv
Sv: Sievert, absorbed energy per kilogram of biomass
T: tera, prefix meaning 1,000,000,000,000
t: tonne 1000 kilograms, about 1.1 tons
TCF: trillion cubic feet; 1 TCF natural gas contains 1 quad
ton: 2000 pounds
transuranic: an element of atomic number 92 (uranium) orhigher
W: watt, a unit of power, or energy flow rate
W :work, a product of kinetic energy
THORIUM is the name of a heavy metal element that can release abundant energy, butthorium is only part of the story. The key technology is the molten saltreactor , enabling a fluid fuel form, reducing costs and enabling energycheaper than from coal.
The subtitle, energycheaper than coal presents the idea that economics and innovationare the means to displace coal burning for electric power. To check even moreCO2 emissions, thorium energy must be cheaper than natural gas, as well. Andfor economically sustainable clean energy, thorium energy must be cheaper thanwind, solar, or biofuel energy.
I studied mathematics and physics as a college undergraduateand graduate student, then spent my working career in information technology.After retiring back to Hanover NH I became interested in the continuing worldenergy and climate crises. I determined that nuclear power was muchunderutilized as a solution to these difficult problems and began making presentationsabout advanced nuclear power, including the pebble bed reactor.
With the rise of environmentalism and national focus onrenewable energy I decided to learn more about these technologies. For fouryears I developed and taught a course for members of Dartmouth ILEAD, a programof continuing education at Dartmouth College. The course, Energy Policy and Environmental Choices:Rethinking Nuclear Power, reviewed fossil fuels, renewable energy sources,and nuclear power. It was followed by another course, Energy Safari,where we studied then visited many power plants: solar, wind, biomass, coal,hydro, nuclear, and natural gas.
In preparing the courses I came across several, advancednuclear power technologies not known to the general public. Of these Iconcluded that molten salt reactors have the possibility of providing electricitycheaper than coal. This liquid fuel reactor can readily handle a wide varietyof fuels, including thorium, uranium, plutonium, and waste from conventionalnuclear reactors. I learned more about the liquid fluoride thorium reactor(LFTR) at the
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