THE TAUBER INSTITUTE SERIES
for the Study of European Jewry
JEHUDA REINHARZ, General Editor
SYLVIA FUKS FRIED, Associate Editor
EUGENE R. SHEPPARD, Associate Editor
The Tauber Institute Series is dedicated to publishing compelling and innovative approaches to the study of modern European Jewish history, thought, culture, and society. The series features scholarly works related to the Enlightenment, modern Judaism and the struggle for emancipation, the rise of nationalism and the spread of antisemitism, the Holocaust and its aftermath, as well as the contemporary Jewish experience. The series is published under the auspices of the Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewryestablished by a gift to Brandeis University from Dr. Laszlo N. Tauberand is supported, in part, by the Tauber Foundation and the Valya and Robert Shapiro Endowment.
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Immanuel Etkes
Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liady: The Origins of Chabad Hasidism
Robert Nemes and Daniel Unowsky, editors
Sites of European Antisemitism in the Age of Mass Politics, 18801918
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Jewish Philosophical Politics in Germany, 17891848
ChaeRan Y. Freeze and Jay M. Harris, editors
Everyday Jewish Life in Imperial Russia: Select Documents, 17721914
David N. Myers and Alexander Kaye, editors
The Faith of Fallen Jews:
Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi and the Writing of Jewish History
Federica K. Clementi
Holocaust Mothers and Daughters: Family, History, and Trauma
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Holocaust Literature:
A History and Guide
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Religion and Jewish Identity in the Soviet Union, 19411964
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Jews Welcome Coffee: Tradition and Innovation in Early Modern Germany
A Sarnat Library Book
RABBI SHNEUR ZALMAN of LIADY
The ORIGINS of CHABAD HASIDISM
IMMANUEL ETKES
Translated by JEFFREY M. GREEN
BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY PRESS
Waltham, Massachusetts
BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY PRESS
An imprint of University Press of New England
www.upne.com
2015 Brandeis University
All rights reserved
For permission to reproduce any of the material in this book, contact Permissions, University Press of New England, One Court Street, Suite 250, Lebanon NH 03766; or visit www.upne.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Etkes, I.
Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liady: the origins of Chabad Hasidism / Immanuel Etkes.
pages cm.(Tauber Institute series for the study of European Jewry)
Summary: The history of Hasidism and East European Jewry through the biography of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of LiadyProvided by publisher.
ISBN 978-1-61168-677-7 (cloth: alk. paper)ISBN 978-1-61168-679-1 (ebook)
1. Shneur Zalman, of Lyady, 17451813.
2. RabbisBelarusBiography.
3. HasidimBelarusBiography.
4. HabadHistory. I. Title.
BM755.S525E855 2014
296.8'332092dc23
[B] 2014017838
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Hebrew original of this book was published by the Zalman Shazar Center for Jewish History in 2012. The writing of the book and the research that underlies it extended over several years. Twice during those years I was privileged to be a guest of the Center for Jewish Studies at Harvard University. I am grateful to Jay Harris and Shaye Cohen, who were then the heads of the center, for their generous hospitality and their collegial relationship, which helped me move the research forward. I spent the last three years of my tenure as a full professor at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem as a fellow in the research group on religion and education, which met under the aegis of Scholion, the Interdisciplinary Research Center in the Humanities and Jewish Studies. My colleagues in the group, Tamar Elor, the late Michael Heyd, and Baruch Schwarz, enriched and taught me, both during the joint seminars and in our many conversations. Yisrael Yuval, the academic head of the center, and the staff of the center, spared no effort to place everything we needed at our disposal for productive and enjoyable work. I am deeply grateful to them all.
I also wish to thank Michael Heyd, Yisrael Yuval, Uriel Gellman, and Ilia Lurie, who read chapters of the manuscript and offered intelligent comments; David Assaf and Yehoshua Mondshein, who never refused to offer me advice and insight when I asked them questions; and Chava Turniansky, who helped me translate concepts from Yiddish to Hebrew. I owe special thanks to Ada Rapoport-Albert, who read most of the chapters of the book and commented on them. Ada also showed great generosity and patience in agreeing to discuss certain questions yet again, when they arose in the course of the research. Her wise and well-chosen words were extremely helpful.
Sylvia Fuks Fried, the executive director of Brandeis Universitys Tauber Institute, assisted in preparing the English version of the book from the start and contributed generously with her experience and good judgment. The assistance and support of Phyllis Deutsch, the editor in chief of University Press of New England, was invaluable in transforming the book from its Hebrew original to the well-produced English version now in your hands. Jeanne Ferris edited the translation meticulously and thoroughly. I am grateful to them all. Finally, special thanks are in order to Dr. Jeffrey M. Green, for his intelligent and readable translation.
INTRODUCTION
Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liady began to lead the group of Hasidim, which eventually came to be called Chabad, in White Russia in the mid-1780s. This was a time of flourishing and expansion for early Hasidism, which took its first steps as a movement soon after the death of the Baal Shem Tov (the Besht), in 1760, when some of his associates and disciples began to disseminate the Hasidic way of worshiping God. Around the mid-1760s Rabbi Dov Ber, the Maggid of Mezritch, established the first Hasidic court, and within a few years his disciples had founded more courts in the same pattern. These courts served as centers for conversion to Hasidism. Propagandists on behalf of the court sought to attract men with a Torah education to visit the court and stay there for a Sabbath or holiday. The visitors to the court were exposed to the Hasidic ethos, which was expressed in enthusiastic prayer; sharing meals; singing and dancing; and, of course, the Zaddiks sermon, which was the vehicle for spreading Hasidic ideas. The extraordinary experience they underwent while visiting the court led many of them to adopt the Hasidic way of worshiping God and to become attached to one of the movements leaders.
In the 1780s, when Shneur Zalman began to function as a leader, Hasidism had already succeeded in gaining a foothold in most of the regions of the former kingdom of Poland-Lithuania. At that time Rabbi Levi Yits h aq of Berdichev and Rabbi Nachum of Chernobyl were active in the Ukraine. In Lithuania Rabbi Shlomo of Karlin and Rabbi Chaim Chaikel of Amdur were the leaders of the Hasidim. Rabbi Elimelech of Lizhensk had gained fame in Galicia, and in Poland many followers of Hasidism were attracted to Rabbi Yaaqov Yits h aq, the Seer of Lublin. In White Russia, Shneur Zalman was preceded as a Hasidic leader by Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk and Rabbi Abraham of Kalisk. These two rabbis led a large group of Hasidim to the Land of Israel in 1777 and became the heads of the Hasidic community in the Galilee. This brief survey, which includes only the most prominent Hasidic leaders of the 1780s, is sufficient to demonstrate the extent of the movements expansion at that time.
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