Dougal Jerram - Introducing Volcanology: A Guide to Hot Rocks

Introducing Volcanology

Companion titles

Introducing Geology A Guide to the World of Rocks (Second Edition 2010)

Introducing Palaeontology A Guide to Ancient Life (2010)

Introducing Meteorology (2012)

Introducing Geomorphology A Guide to Landforms and Processes (2012)

Introducing Tectonics, Rock Structures and Mountain Belts (2012)

Introducing Oceanography (2012)

For further details of these and other Dunedin Earth and Environmental Sciences titles see:
www.dunedinacademicpress.co.uk

ISBN 978-1-906716-21-9

ISBN 978-1-906716-15-8

ISBN 978-1-780460-02-4

ISBN 978-19067163-25-7

ISBN 978-1-906716-26-4

ISBN 978-1-78046-001-7

Introducing Volcanology

A Guide to Hot Rocks

Dougal Jerram

This book is dedicated to Jo and Izabel

(Izzy the Great Cornsteiny)

VolcanoBOOM!!!

Published by
Dunedin Academic Press Ltd
www.dunedinacademicpress.co.uk

Head Office: Hudson House,
8 Albany Street, Edinburgh EH1 3QB

London Office: The Towers,
54 Vartry Road, London N15 6PU

Paperback book: 9781906716226
ePub: 9781903544419
ePub (Amazon/Kindle): 9781903544648
ePub (iPad, Fixed Layout): 9781903544655

Dougal Jerram 2011

The right of Dougal Jerram to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means or stored in any retrieval system of any nature without prior written permission, except for fair dealing under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or in accordance with the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Society in respect of photocopying or reprographic reproduction. Full acknowledgment as to author, publisher and source must be given. Application for permission for any other use of copyright material should be made in writing to the publisher.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Typeset by Makar Publishing Production, Edinburgh
Printed in Poland by Hussar Books

List of Illustrations and Tables

Illustration Credits and Acknowledgements

Unless otherwise indicated the photographs, tables and other figures used are those of the author.

The following illustrations are reproduced by permission, courtesy of:

Figures 2.1, 3.4, 4.2, 4.5, 5.3, 8.3, U. S. Geological Survey; Figures 1.2 and 6.1, Rick Hoblitt, U.S. Geological Survey; Figure 6.4, Peter W. Lipman, U.S. Geological Survey (image 113); Figure 8.5, Dave Harlow, U.S. Geological Survey; Figure 10.8, Lyn Topinka, U.S. Geological Survey. Figures 1.4, 4.1, 5.1 and 10.10, Jn Viar Sigursson; Figure 2.4, Lori Dickson; Figure 2.6, a) Jon Davidson, b) Adrian Pingstone; Figures 3.5, 3.6, 4.6, 5.10, 6.1, 8.6, 9.4, 10.3, 10.9, 10.11, NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Figure 3.5, Malin Space Science Systems; Figure 4.3, Ivan dHostingue (a.k.a. Smhur on Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY-SA 3.0); Figures 5.9 and 6.10b-d Joseph Resing, Marine Geoscience Data System; Figure 5.11, Rob Evans; Figure 6.10a, Howell Williams, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Figure 7.4, Mark Cooper, Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, Tellus project, http://www.bgs.ac.uk/gsni/tellus/index.html, see Cooper et al., (2012). Palaeogene Alpine tectonics and Icelandic plume-related magmatism and deformation in Ireland. Journal of the Geological Society, London. Vol. 169; Figure 7.5, Sergio Rocchi; Figure 7.9a, I. Bothar, Wikimedia Commons CC-BY-SA 3.0; Figure 8.1, Henrik Svensen; Figure 8.4 Vincent Coutillot (see also V. Courtillot, F. Fluteau et A.L. Chenet, Des ruptions volcaniques ravageuses, Dossier Pour la Science N51, avriljuin 2006); Figure 9.2, Jurgen Neuberg, data courtesy Montserrat Volcano Observatory; Figure 9.3, Julie Roberge; Figure 9.6b & c, William Hutchison and Nick Varley, Centre of Exchange and Research in Volcanology, Universidad de Colima, http://www.ucol.mx/ciiv; Figure 10.2, photo by wiki user Yosemite CC-BY-SA 3.0; Figure 10.4 Martin C. Doege (based on NASA SRTM3 data); Figure 10.5 Media from the Discovery Channels Pompeii: The Last Day, courtesy of Crew Creative Ltd; Figure 10.8, Jim Nieland, U.S. Forest Service; Figure 10.9, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.

The following illustrations have been adapted from published sources:

Figure 1.7: Myers, B. and Driedger, C. (2008) Geologic Hazards at Volcanoes, U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 64, USGS. Figure 3.1: Graham Park, (2010) Introducing Geology, Dunedin Academic Press. Figure 4.7: Myers, B. and Driedger, C. (2008) General Information Product 63, USGS. Figure 4.8: Image courtesy of Mike Coffin, from: Coffin, M.F., Duncan, R.A., Eldholm, O., Fitton, J.G., Frey, F.A., Larsen, H.C., Mahoney, J.J., Saunders, A.D., Schlich, R., and Wallace, P.J. (2006) Large igneous provinces and scientific ocean drilling: status quo and a look ahead, Oceanography (4), 150160. Figure 6.2: Lockwood, J.P. and Hazlett, R.W. (2010) Volcanoes: Global Perspectives, Wiley-Blackwell. Figure 6.7: Sparks et al. (1973) Geology; (3), 115118. Figures 7.2c, 7.3b: Image courtesy of Nick Schofield, from: Goulty, N. and Schofield, N., (2008) Implications of simple flexure theory for the formation of saucer-shaped sills. Journal of Structural Geology, , 812817. Figure 7.6: Emeleus, C.H. & Bell, B.R. (2005) British Regional Geology: the Palaeogene Volcanic Districts of Scotland. British Geological Survey. Figure 7.7: Jerram, D. and Goodenough, K. (2008) Golden Rum, bicentenary field report, Geoscientist Volume 18, No. 3. http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/page3345.html. Figure 7.10: Ryan, M.P. (1988) The mechanics and three-dimensional internal structure of active magmatic systems: Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research, , 42134248. Figure 8.2: White, R.V. and Saunders, A.D. (2005) Volcanism, impact and mass extinctions: incredible or credible coincidences. Lithos, , 299316. Figures 9.4, 9.5: Images courtesy of Freysteinn Sigmundsson from Sigmundsson et al. (2010) Intrusion triggering of the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull explosive eruption, Nature, , 426431. Figure 9.7: Jerram, D. and Smith, S. (2010) Earths Hottest Place, Geoscientist, Volume 20, No. 2, 1213 http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/geoscientist/features/page7072.html. Figure 10.2: Images courtesy of Freysteinn Sigmundsson from Sigmundsson