David Reich - Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past

Copyright 2018 by David Reich and Eugenie Reich

All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Pantheon Books, a division of Penguin Random House LLC, New York, and distributed in Canada by Random House of Canada, a division of Penguin Random House Canada Limited, Toronto.

Pantheon Books and colophon are registered trademarks of Penguin Random House LLC.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Name: Reich, David [date], author.

Title: Who we are and how we got here : ancient DNA and the new science of the human past / David Reich.

Description: First edition. New York : Pantheon Books, [2018]. Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017038165. ISBN 9781101870327 (hardcover). ISBN 9781101870334 (ebook).

Subjects: LCSH: Human geneticsPopular works. GenomicsPopular works. DNAAnalysis. Prehistoric peoples. Human population genetics. BISAC: SCIENCE/Life Sciences/Genetics & Genomics. SCIENCE/Life Sciences/Evolution. SOCIAL SCIENCE/Anthropology/General.

Classification: LCC QH431 .R37 2018. DDC 572.8/6dc23.

LC record available at lccn.loc.gov/2017038165.

Ebook ISBN9781101870334

www.pantheonbooks.com

Cover design by Oliver Uberti

Illustrations and map by Oliver Uberti

v5.2

a

For Seth and Leah

Population Mixtures

The mixture of highly differentiated populations is a recurrent process in our history. This map provides a key to thirty great mixture events discussed in this book. (Locations are not meant to be precise.)

2a 54,00049,000 years ago

All non-Africans

Neanderthals + modern humans

3a >70,000 ya Siberian Denisovans

Superarchaic lineage +

Neanderthal-related lineage

3b 49,00044,000 ya

Papuans and Australians

Denisovans + modern humans

4a 19,00014,000 ya

Magdalenian expansion

Aurignacian + Gravettian lineages

4b >14,000 ya

Late Near Eastern hunter-gatherers

Basal Eurasians + early Near Eastern hunter-gatherers

4c ~14,000 ya

Blling-Allerd expansion

Southwest + Southeast European hunter-gatherers

4d 8,0003,000 ya

Copper and Bronze Age Near East

Iranian + Levantine + Anatolian farmers

5a 9,0005,000 ya

First European farmers

Local hunter-gatherers + Anatolian farmers

5b 9,0005,000 ya

Steppe pastoralists

Iranian farmers + local hunter-gatherers

5c 5,0004,000 ya

Northern European Bronze Age

Eastern European farmers

+ steppe pastoralists

5d >3,500 ya

Aegean Bronze Age

Iranian farmers + European farmers

5e 3,500 ya present

Present-day Europeans

Northern + Southern European Bronze Age populations

6a >4,000 ya

Ancestral South Indians

Iranian farmers + indigenous

Indian hunter-gatherers

6b 4,0003,000 ya

Ancestral North Indians

Steppe pastoralists + Iranian farmers

6c 4,0002,000 ya

Present-day Indians

Ancestral South Indians + Ancestral North Indians

7a >15,000 ya

First Americans

Ancient North Eurasians + East Asians

7b 5,0004,000 ya

Paleo-Eskimos

Far Eastern Siberians + First Americans

7c >4,000 ya

Amazonians

Population Y + First Americans

7d 2,0001,000 ya

Na-Dene speakers

Paleo-Eskimos + First Americans

7e 2,0001,000 ya

Neo-Eskimos

Far Eastern Siberians + First Americans

8a 5,0004,000 ya Austroasiatic speakers

Yangtze River Ghost Population + indigenous Southeast Asian hunter-gatherers

8b 5,0003,000 ya

Tibetans

Yellow River Ghost Population + Tibetan hunter-gatherers

8c 5,0001,000 ya Present-day Han Chinese

Yellow + Yangtze River Ghost Populations

8d 4,0001,000 ya

Southwest Pacific islanders

Papuans + East Asians

8e 3,0002,000 ya Present-day Japanese

Mainland farmers + local hunter-gatherers

9a >8,000 ya

Malawi hunter-gatherers

East + South African foragers

9b 4,0001,000 ya

Bantu expansion

Cameroon source population + local groups throughout eastern and southern Africa

9c >3,000 ya

East African pastoralists

Levantine farmers + East African foragers

9d >2,000 ya

Present-day West Africans

At least two ancient African lineages

9e 2,0001,000 ya

Present-day Khoe-Kwadi herders

East African pastoralists + indigenous San

First thing first. This book emerged out of a year of intense collaboration with my wife, Eugenie Reich. We researched the book together, prepared the first drafts of the chapters together, and talked about the book incessantly as it matured. This book would not have come into being without her.

I am grateful to Bridget Alex, Peter Bellwood, Samuel Fenton-Whittet, Henry Louis Gates Jr., Yonatan Grad, Iosif Lazaridis, Daniel Lieberman, Shop Mallick, Erroll McDonald, Latha Menon, Nick Patterson, Molly Przeworski, Juliet Samuel, Clifford Tabin, Daniel Reich, Tova Reich, Walter Reich, Robert Weinberg, and Matthew Spriggs for close critical readings of the entire book.

I thank David Anthony, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Caroline Bearsted, Deborah Bolnick, Dorcas Brown, Katherine Brunson, Qiaomei Fu, David Goldstein, Alexander Kim, Carles Lalueza-Fox, Iain Mathieson, Eric Lander, Mark Lipson, Scott MacEachern, Richard Meadow, David Meltzer, Priya Moorjani, John Novembre, Svante Pbo, Pier Palamara, Eleftheria Palkopoulou, Mary Prendergast, Rebecca Reich, Colin Renfrew, Nadin Rohland, Daniel Rozas, Pontus Skoglund, Chuanchao Wang, and Michael Witzel for critiques of individual chapters. I also thank Stanley Ambrose, Graham Coop, Dorian Fuller, adaion Harney, Linda Heywood, Yousuke Kaifu, Kristian Kristiansen, Michelle Lee, Daniel Lieberman, Michael McCormick, Michael Petraglia, Joseph Pickrell, Stephen Schiffels, Beth Shapiro, and Bence Viola for reviewing sections of the book for accuracy.

I am grateful to Harvard Medical School, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the National Science Foundation, all of which generously supported my science while I was working on this project, and viewed it as complementary to my primary research.

I finally thank several people who repeatedly encouraged me to write this book. I resisted the idea for years because I did not want to distract myself from my science, and because for geneticists papers are the currency, not books. But my mind changed as my colleagues grew to include archaeologists, anthropologists, historians, linguists, and others eager to come to grips with the ancient DNA revolution. There are many papers I did not write, and many analyses I did not complete, because of the time I needed to write this book. I hope that those who read the book will emerge with a new perspective on who we are.