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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Frey, Bruce B., editor.
Title: The Sage encyclopedia of educational research, measurement, and evaluation/editor, Bruce B. Frey, University of Kansas.
Description: Thousand Oaks, California : SAGE Publications, Inc., [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017042016 | ISBN 978-1-5063-2615-3 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: EducationResearchMethodology.
Classification: LCC LB1028 .S139 2018 | DDC 370.72dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017042016
Printed in the United States of America.
Acquisitions Editor: Andrew Boney
Developmental Editor: Shirin Parsavand
Assistant Editor: Jordan Enobakhare
Reference Systems Manager: Leticia Gutierrez
Production Editor: David C. Felts
Copy Editor: Hurix Digital
Typesetter: Hurix Digital
Proofreaders: Lawrence W. Baker, Barbara Coster, Eleni Georgiou, Sally Jaskold
Indexer: Joan Shapiro
Cover Designer: Anupama Krishnan
Marketing Manager: Jennifer Bourque
About the Editor
Bruce B. Frey, Ph.D.,is an award-winning researcher, teacher, and professor of educational psychology at the University of Kansas. He is the author of
Theres a Stat for That!, Modern Classroom Assessment, and
100 Questions (and Answers) about Tests and Measurement for SAGE and associate editor of SAGEs
Encyclopedia of Research Design. He also wrote
Statistics Hacks for OReilly Media. His primary research interests include classroom assessment, instrument development, and program evaluation. In his spare time, Bruce leads a secret life as Professor Bubblegum, host of
Echo Valley, a podcast that celebrates bubblegum pop music of the late 1960s. The show is wildly popular with the young people.
Contributors
Tineke A. AbmaVU University Medical CenterSamuel E. AbramsNational Center for the Study of Privatization in EducationPhillip L. AckermanGeorgia Institute of TechnologyRobert A. AckermanUniversity of Texas at DallasChristopher M. AdamsFitchburg State UniversityAllison Jennifer AmesJames Madison UniversityJi AnUniversity of Maryland, College ParkSamantha F. AndersonUniversity of Notre DameHeidi ArnoutsUniversity of AntwerpRaman AroraJohns Hopkins UniversityDiana J. AryaUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraPatricia Teague AshtonUniversity of FloridaTony AttwoodThe Minds and Hearts ClinicMarilyn M. AultUniversity of KansasKaren BadgerUniversity of KentuckyAlison L. BaileyUniversity of California, Los AngelesElla G. BandaUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstBrian R. BarberKent State UniversityNicole BarnesMontclair State UniversityGail Vallance BarringtonBarrington Research Group, Inc.Jordan R. BassUniversity of KansasA. Alexander BeaujeanBaylor UniversityDanielle M. BeckerUniversity of MinnesotaThomas J. BeckmanMayo ClinicEric T. BeesonNorthwestern UniversityLinda S. Behar-HorensteinUniversity of FloridaJohn BellMichigan State UniversityAarti BellaraUniversity of ConnecticutNicholas F. BensonBaylor UniversityPeter M. BentlerUniversity of California, Los AngelesDale E. BergerClaremont Graduate UniversityJacquelyn A. BialoGeorgia State UniversityMagdalena Bielenia-GrajewskaUniversity of GdanskScott BishopQuestar Assessment Inc.Bruce E. BlaineSt. John Fisher CollegeShane D. BlairUniversity of KansasLorraine BlattJohns Hopkins UniversityJoseph K. BlitzsteinLinda Dale BloombergTeachers College, Columbia UniversityDavid BloomeThe Ohio State UniversityClive R. BoddyMiddlesex UniversityChristian BokhoveUniversity of SouthamptonStella BollmannLudwig Maximilians UniversityEdward L. BooneVirginia Commonwealth UniversityMarc H. BornsteinNational Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentRobert BoruchUniversity of PennsylvaniaFrank A. Bosco Jr.Virginia Commonwealth UniversityAlex J. BowersTeachers College, Columbia UniversityRichard E. BoyatzisCase Western Reserve UniversityMichelle L. BoyerUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstNancy N. BoylesSouthern Connecticut State UniversityLaine BradshawUniversity of GeorgiaAlisa Palmer BranhamUniversity of KansasMason Lee BranhamUniversity of South CarolinaMichael T. BrannickUniversity of South FloridaMarkus BrauerUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonRobert L. BrennanUniversity of IowaTonya BreymierIndiana University EastAli S. BrianUniversity of South CarolinaSharon BrisolaraShasta CollegeAngela BroaddusBenedictine CollegeAlex BrodersenUniversity of Notre DameJeanne Brooks-GunnTeachers College, Columbia UniversityJames Dean BrownUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaJulie C. BrownUniversity of Minnesota, Twin CitiesMary T. BrownellUniversity of FloridaAlan W. BrueCapella UniversityJennifer A. BrussowUniversity of KansasKelley BuchheisterUniversity of NebraskaLincolnFrederick BurrackKansas State UniversityGervase R. BusheSimon Fraser UniversityAndrew C. ButlerUniversity of Texas at AustinYuko Goto ButlerUniversity of PennsylvaniaLi CaiUniversity of California, Los AngelesMeghan K. CainUniversity of Notre DameGregory L. CallanBall State UniversityMitchell CampbellUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonEmily CantwellUniversity of KansasKimberly CappNova Southeastern UniversityNicole Mittenfelner CarlUniversity of PennsylvaniaThomas R. CarrettaAir Force Research LaboratoryArthur CharpentierUniversit du Qubec MontralWalter ChasonUniversity of South FloridaHelen L. ChenStanford UniversityJie ChenUniversity of KansasYi-Hsin ChenUniversity of South FloridaYing ChengUniversity of Notre DameYuk Fai CheongEmory UniversityMonaliza M. ChianUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraShriniwas ChintaSouth West Sydney Area Health ServiceMary M. ChittooranSaint Louis UniversityTheodore J. ChristUniversity of MinnesotaChristine Ann ChristleUniversity of South CarolinaAmy ClarkUniversity of KansasNathan H. ClemensUniversity of Texas at AustinHamish CoatesUniversity of MelbourneJill S. M. ColemanBall State UniversityZachary K. CollierUniversity of FloridaEric Alan CommonUniversity of KansasZachary ConradKansas Multi-Tier System of SupportsBryan G. CookUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaKyrsten M. CostlowNational Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentMatthew Gordon Ray CourtneyMelbourne Graduate School of EducationNelson CowanUniversity of MissouriJana Craig-HareUniversity of KansasBonnie CramondUniversity of GeorgiaKent J. CrippenUniversity of FloridaKevin CrouseRutgers Graduate School of EducationToni CrouseUniversity of KansasZhongmin CuiACT, Inc.Steven Andrew CulpepperArthur J. CunninghamSt. Olaf CollegeNicholas A. CurtisJames Madison UniversityJoshua A. DanishIndiana University BloomingtonCynthia S. Darling-FisherUniversity of MichiganJudith DavidsonUniversity of Massachusetts LowellJennifer DavidtzNova Southeastern UniversityLarry DavisEducational Testing ServiceMichael E. DawsonUniversity of Southern CaliforniaAnita B. DelahayCarnegie Mellon UniversityChristine E. DeMarsJames Madison UniversityLeah DembitzerRutgers, The State University of New JerseyAngelo S. DeNisiTulane UniversityJustin A. DeSimoneUniversity of CincinnatiMaria DeYoreoDuke UniversityRonli DiakowNew York City Department of EducationKathryn Doherty KurtzUniversity of Massachusetts BostonThurston A. DominaUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillAshley DonohueBaylor UniversityNeil J. DoransEducational Testing ServiceJohn F. DovidioYale UniversityLyman L. Dukes IIIUniversity of South Florida St. PetersburgDanielle N. DupuisUniversity of MinnesotaStephanie Dyson ElmsUniversity of KansasJohn Joseph DziakPennsylvania State UniversityMeghan Ecker-LysterUniversity of KansasJulianne Michelle EdwardsAzusa Pacific UniversityAnna J. EgaliteNorth Carolina State UniversityThorlene EgertonThe University of MelbourneValeisha M. EllisSpelman CollegeSusan E. EmbretsonGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAmy S. Gaumer EricksonUniversity of KansasEduardo EstradaCamilo Jos Cela UniversityKimberly EthridgeNova Southeastern UniversityHoward T. EversonSRI InternationalLeandre R. FabrigarQueens UniversityCarl Francis FalkMichigan State UniversityFen FanUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAnna C. FaulUniversity of LouisvilleJohn M. FerronUniversity of South FloridaDavid FettermanFetterman & AssociatesW. Holmes FinchBall State UniversityRoger FischerMontana State UniversityHelenrose FivesMontclair State UniversitySara A. FlorenceNova Southeastern UniversityTimothy FranzSt. John Fisher CollegeBruce B. FreyUniversity of KansasAlon FriedmanUniversity of South FloridaCatherine O. FritzUniversity of NorthamptonKyra N. FritzUniversity of LouisvilleJohn Mark FroilandPearsonDanling FuUniversity of FloridaMatthew B. FullerSam Houston State UniversityGavin W. FulmerUniversity of IowaJoseph Calvin GagnonUniversity of FloridaApril GalyardtUniversity of GeorgiaCopelan GammonNational Institutes of HealthAlejandra GarciaUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAndrea M. GarciaUniversity of KansasRachel Darley GaryUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstPat J. GehrkeUniversity of South CarolinaNicholas W. GelbarUniversity of ConnecticutClaudia A. GentileNORC at the University of ChicagoElizabeth T. GershoffUniversity of Texas at AustinDean R. GersteinIndependent ScholarIman GhaderiUniversity of ArizonaGraham R. GibbsUniversity of HuddersfieldDrew GitomerRutgers Graduate School of EducationLina GoldenbergUniversity of KansasSamantha B. GoldsteinNational Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentJuana Gmez-BenitoUniversity of BarcelonaRoland H. GoodDynamic Measurement GroupJacqueline D. GoodwayThe Ohio State UniversityBrian S. GordonUniversity of KansasChad M. GotchWashington State UniversityBruce GranshawVictoria UniverstiyJudith L. GreenUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraJennifer C. GreeneUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignJudith M. S. GrossUniversity of KansasFei GuMcGill UniversityCassandra GuarinoUniversity of California, RiversideDaniel B. HajovskyUniversity of South DakotaKevin A. HallgrenUniversity of WashingtonMarc HallinUniversit libre de BruxellesLawrence C. HamiltonUniversity of New HampshireK. Chris HanGraduate Management Admission CouncilCarl B. HancockThe University of AlabamaGregory R. HancockUniversity of Maryland, College ParkMaggie Quinn HannanUniversity of PittsburghBrenda HannonTexas A&M University-KingsvilleDavid M. HansenUniversity of KansasShlomo HareliUniversity of HaifaLisa L. HarlowUniversity of Rhode IslandJeffrey R. HarringUniversity of Maryland, College ParkHeather D. HarrisJames Madison UniversityJudith R. HarrisonRutgers, The State University of New JerseyJessica P. HarveySouthern Illinois University EdwardsvilleRichard D. HarveySaint Louis UniversityJohn D. HathcoatJames Madison UniversityClifford E. HauensteinGeorgia Institute of TechnologyEllen HazelkornDublin Institute of TechnologyDan HeUniversity of KansasLauren M. HenryNational Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentSocorro HerreraKansas State UniversityMichael HerrigesUniversity of MinnesotaSalome HeywardSalome Heyward and AssociatesTyler HicksUniversity of KansasM. Dolores HidalgoUniversity of MurciaRana S. HinmanUniversity of MelbourneJohn M. HintzeUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstTyrell HirchertUniversity of Northern ColoradoDavid C. HoaglinUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolMichael F. HockUniversity of KansasJanice A. HogleUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonSren HolmUniversity of ManchesterS. Jeanne HorstJames Madison UniversityJessica HothUniversitt VechtaCarrie R. HoutsVector Psychometric Group, LLCKenneth R. HoweUniversity of Colorado BoulderLindsay Till HoytFordham UniversityMei HoytUniversity of North TexasHsiu-Fang HsiehFooyin UniversityBo HuUniversity of KansasAnne Corinne Huggins-ManleyUniversity of FloridaBen P. HunterUniversity of Kansas School of Medicine-WichitaR. Shane HuttonVanderbilt UniversityDragos IliescuUniversity of BucharestPaul B. IngramTexas Tech UniversityDianne Nutwell IrvingGeorgetown UniversityS. Earl IrvingKia Eke Panuku, The University of AucklandDan IspasIllinois State UniversityJessica N. JacovidisJames Madison UniversityJustin JagerArizona State UniversityLilli JapecStatistics SwedenGerard Michael JelligUniversity of PennsylvaniaPatricia A. JenkinsAlbany State UniversityRebecca JessonUniversity of AucklandJennifer L. JewissUniversity of VermontHong JiaoUniversity of Maryland, College ParkDaniela JimnezPontificia Universidad Catlica de ChileMaria Jimenez-BuedoUniversidad Nacional de Educacin a DistanciaAdam Michael JohansenUniversity of WarwickJeffrey P. JohnsonEducational Testing ServiceMatthew S. JohnsonTeachers College, Columbia UniversityPaul E. JohnsonUniversity of KansasRobert L. JohnsonUniversity of South CarolinaTessa JohnsonUniversity of Maryland, College ParkNatalie D. JonesClaremont Graduate UniversityNathan D. JonesBoston UniversitySeang-Hwane JooUniversity of South FloridaJeanette JoyceRutgers, The State University of New JerseyDiana Joyce-BeaulieuUniversity of FloridaGeorge JulnesUniversity of BaltimoreHyun Joo JungUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstUta JttnerHochschule LuzernDavid KahleBaylor UniversityIrene KaimiPlymouth UniversityMatthew P. H. KanQueens UniversityJeffrey D. KarpickePurdue UniversityArunprakash T. KarunanithiUniversity of Colorado DenverMeagan KarvonenUniversity of KansasKentaro KatoBenesse Educational Research and DevelopmentDaniel KatzUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraIan KatzSaint Louis UniversityIrvin R. KatzEducational Testing ServiceMira B. KaufmanNational Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentWalter KeenanUniversity of ConnecticutHarrison J. KellEducational Testing ServiceJessie KemberUniversity of MinnesotaAna H. KentSaint Louis UniversityRyan J. KettlerRutgers, The State University of New JerseyHaeyoung KimKorea UniversityHyung Jin KimUniversity of IowaHyung Won KimUniversity of Texas Rio Grande ValleyMinkyoung KimIndiana University BloomingtonYoon Jeon KimMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyNeal KingstonUniversity of KansasAllyson J. KissUniversity of MinnesotaKarla Kmetz-MorrisUniversity of South Florida St. PetersburgOlga KorostelevaCalifornia State University, Long BeachRachel Elizabeth Kostura PolkUniversity of KansasLaura M. B. KramerUniversity of KansasParvati KrishnamurtyNORC at the University of ChicagoJeffrey D. KromreyUniversity of South FloridaIvar KrumpalUniversity of LeipzigB. Venkatesh KumarTata Institute of Social SciencesSwapna KumarUniversity of FloridaMichael KungUniversity of FloridaLori KupczynskiTexas A&M University-KingsvilleCarrie La VoyUniversity of KansasChi Yan LamQueens UniversityKathleen Lynne LaneUniversity of KansasHongling LaoUniversity of KansasLotta C. LarsonKansas State UniversityNorman J. LassWest Virginia UniversityBrandon LeBeauUniversity of IowaJames M. LeBretonPennsylvania State UniversityThomas LedermannUtah State UniversityKerry LeeUniversity of AucklandLina LeeUniversity of New HampshireLisa LeeNORC at the University of ChicagoWon-Chan LeeUniversity of IowaWalter L. LeiteUniversity of FloridaHildie LeungThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityJanet Tsin-yee LeungThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityDaniel LewisPacific Metrics CorporationChen LiUniversity of Maryland, College ParkIsaac Y. LiUniversity of South FloridaJianqiang LiangThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityRosemary Luyin LiangThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityDandan LiaoUniversity of Maryland, College ParkGregory Arief D. LiemNational Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological UniversityNicholas K. LimSpalding UniversityTickMeng LimOpen University MalaysiaLi LinThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversitySheila K. ListVirginia Commonwealth UniversityHaiyan LiuUniversity of Notre DameJingchen LiuColumbia UniversityShengtao LiuHunan UniversityXiaofeng Steven LiuUniversity of South CarolinaYang LiuUniversity of California, MercedSarah LockenvitzMissouri State UniversityJill Hendrickson LohmeierUniversity of Massachusetts LowellStephen W. LokeUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterPatricia D. LpezSan Jos State UniversitySue LottridgePacific Metrics CorporationPatricia A. LoweUniversity of KansasRichard M. LuechtUniversity of North Carolina at GreensboroLars LybergLyberg Survey Quality Management Inc.Cecilia MaThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityDavid P. MacKinnonArizona State UniversityJoseph MadausUniversity of ConnecticutPatrick MairHarvard UniversityMatthew C. MakelDuke UniversityChristoforos MamasUniversity of California, San DiegoGregory J. MarchantBall State UniversityMichael O. MartinBoston CollegePhillip K. MartinUniversity of Kansas School of MedicineWichitaJulie MastersonMissouri State UniversityAndrew MaulUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraBrendan MaxcyIndiana UniversityPurdue University IndianapolisJoseph A. MaxwellGeorge Mason UniversityScott E. MaxwellUniversity of Notre DameRebecca MazurUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstDominica McBrideBecomeMichael A. McDanielVirginia Commonwealth UniversityAndrew McEachinRAND CorporationElizabeth H. McEneaneyUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstRyan J. McGillCollege of William and MaryJamie C. McGovernUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterMary L. McHughAngeles CollegeAlex McInturffUniversity of California, BerkeleyJames McLeskeyUniversity of FloridaMiles Allen McNallMichigan State UniversityDavid E. MeensUniversity of Colorado BoulderValerie MeierUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraDaryl F. MellardUniversity of KansasKrystal MendezUniversity of KansasSylvia L. MendezUniversity of Colorado Colorado SpringsNatalja MenoldGESISLeibniz Institute for the Social SciencesMargaret Kristin MergaMurdoch UniversityGabriel J. MerrinUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignCraig A. MertlerArizona State UniversityAudrey MichalNorthwestern UniversityMilica MioeviArizona State UniversityGregory MitchellUniversity of VirginiaMonica MorellUniversity of Maryland, College ParkDavid MorganSpalding UniversityDemetri L. MorganLoyola University ChicagoGrant B. MorganBaylor UniversityCarl N. MorrisHarvard UniversityPeter E. MorrisLancaster University and University of NorthamptonKristin M. MorrisonGeorgia Institute of TechnologyWilfridah MucherahBall State UniversityJamie R. MulkeyCaveon, LLCIna V. S. MullisBoston CollegeKaren D. MultonUniversity of KansasSohad MurrarUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonAngela K. MurrayUniversity of KansasBrittany MurrayUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillDorothy J. MusselwhiteUniversity of GeorgiaJessica NamkungUniversity of NebraskaLincolnOksana NaumenkoUniversity of North Carolina at GreensboroMario A. NavarroClaremont Graduate UniversityKelli L. NetsonUniversity of Kansas School of MedicineWichitaKirsten NewellUniversity of MinnesotaJoan NewmanUniversity at AlbanyAnh Andrew NguyenQueens UniversityThu Suong NguyenIndiana UniversityPurdue University IndianapolisJoseph R. NicholsSaint Louis UniversityNicole M. NickensUniversity of Central MissouriKyle NickodemUniversity of MinnesotaKathleen H. NielsenUniversity of WashingtonChristopher R. NiilekselaUniversity of KansasKim NimonUniversity of Texas at TylerPatricia M. NoonanUniversity of KansasAnthony OdlandSanford HealthLaura ODwyerBoston CollegeInsu PaekFlorida State UniversityQianqian PanUniversity of KansasMing Fai PangThe University of Hong KongEugene T. ParkerUniversity of KansasSarah ParsonsUniversity of SouthamptonTracy PaskiewiczUniversity of Massachusetts BostonMeagan M. PattersonUniversity of KansasMichael Quinn PattonUtilization-Focused EvaluationTrena M. PaulusUniversity of GeorgiaPhillip D. PayneKansas State UniversityMelissa PearrowUniversity of Massachusetts BostonMark PedrettiClaremont Graduate UniversityBeverly PellUniversity of KansasPeng PengUniversity of NebraskaLincolnMarianne PerieUniversity of KansasLaura PevytoeNational Institutes of HealthLia PlakansUniversity of IowaAnthony Jason PlotnerUniversity of South CarolinaJonathan A. PluckerJohns Hopkins UniversityKelvin Terrell PompeyUniversity of South CarolinaMichael I. PosnerUniversity of OregonDmitriy PoznyakMathematica Policy ResearchLudmila N. PraslovaVanguard University of Southern CaliforniaChristopher PrickettTexas A&M University, College StationSusan PrionUniversity of San FranciscoJoshua N. PritikinVirginia Commonwealth UniversityAna PuigUniversity of FloridaElisabeth M. PyburnJames Madison UniversityPatrick RadiganUniversity of Colorado Colorado SpringsKelsey RaganTexas A&M UniversitySharon F. RallisUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstJennifer RandallUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstDavid L. RaunigICON Clinical ResearchSharon M. RavitchUniversity of PennsylvaniaJason RavitzGoogle IncRandall RebackBarnard CollegeLynne M. RederCarnegie Mellon UniversityMalcolm James ReeOur Lady of the Lake UniversityCharles M. ReigeluthIndiana University BloomingtonSally M. ReisUniversity of ConnecticutRachel L. RenbargerBaylor UniversityMatthew R. ReynoldsUniversity of KansasMelissa N. RichardsNational Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentJohn T. E. RichardsonThe Open University, UKRobert D. RidgeBrigham Young UniversityRigoberto Rincones-GmezUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonJoseph A. RiosEducational Testing ServiceFrancisco L. Rivera-BatizColumbia UniversityAndrew T. RoachGeorgia State UniversityL. Danielle Roberts-DahmUniversity of South Florida St. PetersburgMichael C. RodriguezUniversity of MinnesotaLiliana Rodrguez-CamposUniversity of South FloridaMary Roduta RobertsUniversity of AlbertaBradley D. RogersUniversity of South CarolinaJonathan D. RollinsUniversity of North Carolina at GreensboroJeanine RomanoAmerican Board of PathologyBenjamin D. RosenbergChapman UniversityJeffrey N. RouderUniversity of MissouriAmber RowlandUniversity of KansasDavid J. RoyerUniversity of KansasDonald B. RubinHarvard UniversityCort W. RudolphSaint Louis UniversityJennifer Lin RussellUniversity of PittsburghTonya Rutherford