Crane - Empires of the dead: how one mans vision led to the creation of wwis war graves

CONTENTS

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There is an immense and growing literature on every aspect of the First World War and a very distinguished one on the subject of commemoration and remembrance addressed here. The first debt of anyone writing about the Imperial War Graves Commission will always be to its original historian Philip Longworth, but I hope that the most cursory glance at the bibliography and endnotes of this book will show how much it owes to the writers who have shaped the way we see our military cemeteries and memorials. Nobody, for instance, should visit Lutyenss great memorial at Thiepval without taking along Gavin Stamps brilliant The Memorial to the Missing of the Somme.

I would like to thank all those friends and family who were prepared to talk about this book, read it in manuscript, provide photographs and visit the cemeteries with me, and in particular the Schrck family for their kindness and hospitality while I was looking at German war graves in Pforzheim. My thanks, too, to the Canadian volunteers at Vimy Ridge and the Newfoundland Memorial and Park at Beaumont-Hamel, who could not have been more helpful, and to Susanna Kerr for allowing me to quote from unpublished family material. I am grateful to everyone at William Collins who has worked on this book, but especially to Arabella Pike and Essie Cousins who suggested it in the first place, and to Kate Tolley. I have been greatly helped by the sympathetic and perceptive editing of Kate Johnson. My thanks, also, to Derek Johns.

Above all, this book would not have been possible without the kindness, patience and expertise of Roy Hemington at the Commonwealth War Graves Commission at Maidenhead. The Commission holds a vast archive covering the foundation and history of the Imperial War Graves Commission, and I could not even have begun to negotiate it without his help in answering my endless questions. I am very grateful to him and to the Commission for allowing me unstinted access to their archive, and to Peter Francis for his generous help in the latter stages of the book. I would also like to thank the Warden and Scholars of New College, Oxford, for kind permission to quote from the papers of Viscount Milner. This book, as always, is for Honor.

Men of War: The Changing Face of Heroism in the 19th Century Navy

Scott of the Antarctic: A Life of Courage and Tragedy in the Extreme South

The Kindness of Sisters: Annabella Milbanke and the Destruction of the Byrons

Lord Byrons Jackal: A Life of Trelawny

The main source for this book is the archive of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) at Maidenhead. The other major archives used are the National Archives at Kew, and the Milner Papers in the Bodleian Library, Oxford

Aslet, C., War Memorial: The Story of One Villages Sacrifice from 1914 to 2003, London, 2012

Baker, H., Architecture and Personalities, London, 1944

Beveridge, Lord, Power and Influence, London, 1953

Birkenhead, Lord, Rudyard Kipling, New York, 1978

Blomfield, R., Memoirs of an Architect, London, 1932

Blunden, E., Undertones of War, London, 1928

Blythe, R., The Age of Illusion, London, 1963

Brittain, V., Testament of Youth, London, 1933

Carrington, C., Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Work, London, 1955

Earle, L., Turn Over the Page, London, 1935

Fussell, P., The Great War and Modern Memory, Oxford, 1975

Garfield, J., The Fallen, Stroud, 2008

Gibson, E., and Ward, J. K., Courage Remembered: The Story Behind the Construction and Maintenance of the Commonwealths Military Cemeteries and Memorials of the Wars of 19141918 and 19391945, London, 1989

Gladstone, Viscount, W. G. C. Gladstone: A Memoir, London, 1918

Gollin, A. M., Proconsul in Politics: A Study of Lord Milner in Opposition and in Power, London, 1964

Holmes, R., Tommy: The British Soldier on the Western Front 19141918, London, 2004

Shots from the Front: The British Soldier 19141918, London, 2008

Hurst, S., The Silent Cities, London, 1929

Hussey, C., The Life of Sir Edwin Lutyens, London, 1950

Inglis, K. S., and Brazier, J., Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape, Melbourne, 1998

Janes, B., The Unknown Warrior and the Cavell Van, Tenterden, no date

Karol, E., Charles Holden Architect 18751960, Donington, 2007

Kenyon, F., War Graves: How the Cemeteries Abroad Will Be Designed, HMSO, London, 1918

Linenthal, E. T., Sacred Ground: Americans and Their Battlefields, Chicago, 1991

Longworth, P., The Unending Vigil, London, 1967

Macready, N., Annals of an Active Life, London, 1924

Masefield, J., The Old Front Line, London, 1917

Nimocks, W., Milners Young Men: The Kindergarten in Edwardian Imperial Affairs, London, 1970

Percy, C., and Ridley, J., eds., The Letters of Edwin Lutyens to his Wife Lady Emily, London, 1985

Quinlan, M., British War Memorials, Hertford, 2005.

Remarque, E. M., All Quiet on the Western Front, translated by B. Murdoch, London, 1996

Sassoon, S., The Complete Memoirs of George Sherston, London, 1937

Stamp, G., The Memorial to the Missing of the Somme, London, 2007

Stevenson, D., 19141918: The History of the First World War, London, 2004

With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918, London, 2011

Strachan, H., The First World War, London, 2003

Summers, J., Remembered: The History of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, London, 2007

Vaughan, E., Some Desperate Glory, London, 1917

Ware, F., Educational Reform, London, 1900

Educational Foundations of Trade and Industry, London, 1901

The Worker and His Country, London, 1912

The Immortal Heritage: An Account of the Work and Policy of the Imperial War Graves Commission during Twenty Years, 19171937, London, 1937

Wilson, K. M., A Study in the History and Politics of the Morning Post 19051926, Lampeter, 1990

Winter, D., Deaths Men, London, 1978

Winter, J., Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History, Cambridge, 1996

Who has matched us with His hour,

RUPERT BROOKE

On the afternoon of Saturday 19 September 1914, a spare, dark-haired man in his mid-forties arrived at Lille in northern France to take command of the motley collection of vehicles and drivers that made up the British Red Crosss flying unit. For the past four years he had been largely out of the public eye, but if there were few in the unit who would have recognised the face, they would undoubtedly have known the name of the man who for five turbulent years had been the erratically brilliant, warmongering editor of the right-wing, imperialist