Melvin A. Shiffman - Autologous Fat Transfer
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Part 1
History, Principles, Fat Cell Physiology and Metabolism
History, Principles, Fat Cell Physiology and Metabolism
Melvin A. Shiffman (ed.) Autologous Fat Transfer Art, Science, and Clinical Practice 10.1007/978-3-642-00473-5_1
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010
1. History of Autologous Fat Transfer
Melvin A. Shiffman 1
(1)
Department of Surgery, Tustin Hospital and Medical Center, 17501 Chatham Drive, Tustin, CA 92780-2302, USA
Melvin A. Shiffman
Email:
Abstract
The history of autologous fat augmentation gives insight into the development of fat transfer for both cosmetic and non cosmetic problems. Transplantation of pieces of fat and occasionally diced pieces of fat advanced to removal of small segments of fat by liposuction after the development of technique by Fischer and Fischer reported in 1975. The progression of techniques in fat transfer progressed because of this innovation and nor autologous fat transfer is a common technique in facial rejuvenation, repair of defects and deficits and more recently for non aesthetic purposes including neurosurgical and orthopedic.
Reprinted with permission of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1.1 Introduction
The history of autologous fat augmentation gives an insight into the development of fat transfer for both cosmetic and non-cosmetic problems. Transplantation of pieces of fat and occasionally diced pieces of fat advanced to the removal of small segments of fat by liposuction after the development of the technique by Fischer and Fischer, reported in 1975.
1.2 History
Neuber () inserted fat into the extrapleural space to treat pulmonary conditions. Biopsy of the fat 4 months post transplant showed that most of the fat was resorbed and replaced by fibrous tissue.
Straatsma and Peer () used a technique of broad undercutting and insertion of finely cut fat that was molded to fill defects.
Peer () stated that microscopically, grafts appear like normal adipose tissue 8 months after transplantation.
Liposuction was conceived by Fischer and Fischer in 1974 ().
Fischer (), they reviewed 245 cases of liposuction with the planotome for treatment of cellulite in the lateral trochanteric areas. There was a 4.9% incidence of seromas despite wound suction catheters and compression dressings. Pseudocyst formation, which required removal of the capsule through a wider incision and the use of the planotome, occurred in 2% of cases.
The advent of liposuction spurred a move toward using the liposuctioned fat for reinjecting areas of the body for filling defects or augmentation. Bircoll () stated that he began reinjecting fat in 1985. The idea of utilizing the aspirated fat, which was otherwise wasted, was an attractive idea and other surgeons began to make use of the aspirate to augment defects and other abnormalities.
The American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (ASPRS) Ad-Hoc Committee on New Procedures produced a report on 30 September 1987, regarding autologous fat transplantation (). The conclusions were:
Autologous fat injection has a historical and scientific basis.
It is still an experimental procedure.
Fat injection has achieved varied results, and long-term, controlled clinical studies are needed before firm conclusions can be made regarding its validity.
Fat transplant for breast augmentation can inhibit early detection of breast carcinoma and is hazardous to public health.
Coleman and Saboeiro () reported success in fat transfer to the breast and concluded that it should be considered as an alternative to breast augmentation and reconstruction procedures. Two of 17 patients had breast cancer diagnosed by mammography, one 12 months and the other 92 months after fat transfer to the breast.
Now fat transfer to the breast area is being used outside the breast itself, into the pectoralis major muscle and behind and in front of the muscle. The fat is also being used to augment tissues around the breast following treatment for breast cancer.
Although most of the fat transfer procedures are for augmentation of tissues, there has been a surge of the use of fat for non-cosmetic procedures.
References
Neuber F. Fettransplantation. Chir Kongr Verhandl Deutsche Gesellsch Chir 1893;22:66.
Czerny V. Plastischer ersatz der brustdruse durch ein lipoma. Chi Kong Verhandl 1895;2:126.
Lexer E. Freie fettransplantation. Deutsch Med Wochenschr 1910;36:640.
Verderame P. Ueber fettransplantation bei adharenten knochennarben am orbitalrand. Klin Monatsbl fur Augenh 1909; 47:433442.
Bruning P. Cited by Broeckaert, TJ, Steinhaus, J. Contribution e letude des greffes adipueses. Bull Acad Roy Med Belgique 1914;28:440.
Tuffier T. Abces gangreneux du pouman ouvert dans les bronches: Hemoptysies repetee operation par decollement pleuro-parietal; guerison. Bull et Mem Soc de Chir de Paris 1911;37:134.
Straatsma CR, Peer LA. Repair of postauricular fistula by means of a free fat graft. Arch Otolaryngol 1932;15:620621. CrossRef
Cotton FJ. Contribution to technique of fat grafts. N Engl JMed 1934;211:10511053. CrossRef
Peer LA. The neglected free fat graft. Plast Reconstr Surg 1956;18(4):233250. CrossRef
Peer LA. Loss of weight and volume in human fat grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg 1950;5:217230. CrossRef
Peer LA. Transplantation of Tissues, Transplantation of Fat. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1959.
Fischer G. The evolution of liposculpture. Am J Cosm Surg 1997;14(3):231239.
Fischer G. Surgical treatment of cellulitis. Third Congress of the International Academy of Cosmetic Surgery, Rome, 31 May 1975.
Fischer G. First surgical treatment for modeling bodys cellulite with three 5 mm incisions. Bull Int Acad Cosm Surg 1976;2:3537.
Fischer A, Fischer G. Revised technique for cellulitis fat reduction in riding breeches deformity. Bull Int Acad Cosm Surg 1977;2(4):4043.
Bircoll M. Autologous fat transplantation. The Asian Congress of Plastic Surgery, February 1982.
Illouz YG. The fat cell graft: A new technique to fill depressions. PlastReconstrSurg 1986;78(1):122123.
Johnson GW. Body contouring by macroinjection of autologous fat. Am J Cosm Surg 1987;4(2):103109.
Bircoll MJ. New frontiers in suction lipectomy. Second Asian Congress of Plastic Surgery, Pattiyua, Thailand, February 1984.
Krulig E. Lipo-injection. Am J Cosm Surg 1987;4(2):123129.
Newman J, Levin J. Facial lipo-transplant surgery. Am J Cosm Surg 1987;4(2):131140.
American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Committee on New Procedures. Report in autologous fat transplantation September 30,1987. Plast Surg Nurs 1987; Winter:140141.
Coleman SR, Saboeiro AP. Fat grafting to the breast revisited: Safety and efficacy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007;119(3): 775785. PubMed CrossRef
Melvin A. Shiffman (ed.) Autologous Fat Transfer Art, Science, and Clinical Practice 10.1007/978-3-642-00473-5_2
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010
2. History of Autologous Fat Transplant Survival
Melvin A. Shiffman 1
(1)
Department of Surgery, Tustin Hospital and Medical Center, 17501 Chatham Drive, Tustin, CA 92780-2302, USA
Melvin A. Shiffman
Email:
Abstract
For a long time, adipose tissue has been considered as a fat storage organ, but studies are now revealing a new role for adipose tissue in endocrine function. Adipose tissue releases not only free fatty acids, but also important cytokines/adipokines including leptin, adiponectin and TNF- that regulate metabolic homeostasis. These adipokines are particularly important in obesity, obesity-related metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, which are highly related to chronic inflammation. Adipose tissues in obese animals are more inflamed, containing more macrophages, and release more pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to lean animals. Therefore, adipose tissue and adipokines play an important role in regulating metabolic homeostasis.
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