Prof. Walter R. Frontera MD PhD - DeLisas Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice

SIXTH EDITION

SIXTH EDITION

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Walter R. Frontera , MD, PhD, MA (Hon.), FRCP (Lond.)

Professor
Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation, and Sports Medicine
Department of Physiology and Biophysics
University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Editor Emeritus

Joel A. DeLisa , MD, MS

Emeritus Professor
Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
Newark, New Jersey
Clinical Professor
Department of Neurosurgery and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
University of New Mexico School of Medicine
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Clinical Professor
Department of Medical Education & Clinical Sciences
Elson S. College of Medicine
Washington State University
Spokane, Washington

EDITORS

Jeffrey R. Basford , MD, PhD

Professor
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota

William L. Bockenek , MD

Professor
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Carolinas Medical Center/Atrium Health
Chair of PMR, Chief Medical Officer
Carolinas Rehabilitation
Charlotte, North Carolina

John Chae , MD

Professor and Chair
Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
Case Western Reserve University
Vice President, Research and Sponsored Programs
MetroHealth Research Institute
MetroHealth System
Cleveland, Ohio

Lawrence R. Robinson , MD

Professor and Chief, PM&R
Department of Medicine
University of Toronto
Chief, Rehabilitation
St. Johns Rehab
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Toronto, Ontario, Canada

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

Michael L. Boninger, MD

Joanne Borg-Stein, MD

Gregory T. Carter, MD, MS

Leighton Chan, MD, MPH

Gerard E. Francisco, MD

Helen Hoenig, MD, MPH

Alan M. Jette, PhD, PT

Heidi Prather, DO

Acquisitions Editor: Robin Najar

Development Editor: Ashley Fischer

Editorial Coordinator: Emily Buccieri

Production Project Manager: David Saltzberg

Design Coordinator: Joan Wendt, Joseph Clark

Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh

Prepress Vendor: SPi Global

6th edition

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Frontera, Walter R., 1955- editor.

Title: DeLisas physical medicine and rehabilitation : principles and practice / editor-in-chief, Walter R. Frontera ; editor emeritus, Joel A. DeLisa ; editors, Jeffrey Basford, William Bockenek, John Chae, Lawrence R. Robinson ; associate editors, Michael Boninger, Joanne Borg-Stein, Gregory T. Carter, Leighton Chan, Gerard Francisco, Helen Hoenig, Alan Jette, Heidi Prather.

Other titles: DeLisa's Physical medicine and rehabilitation | Physical medicine & rehabilitation | Physical medicine and rehabilitation

Description: Sixth edition. | Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2019003514 | ISBN 9781496374967

Subjects: | MESH: Physical and Rehabilitation Medicinemethods | Rehabilitation

Classification: LCC RM930 | NLM WB 320 | DDC 615.8/2dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019003514

This work is provided as is, and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work.

This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments.

Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturers package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work.

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To Our Patients

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To Our Teachers

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To Our Students

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To Our Colleagues

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To Our Families

who provided the support and patience necessary

Principles of Assessment and Evaluation

John A. Freeman, Sally B. Alcott, Armen G. Derian, and Christopher H. Bailey

Walter R. Frontera and Jan Lexell

Lawrence R. Robinson

Thiru M. Annaswamy, Nicholas P. Fey, Didem Inanoglu, and Gargi D. Raval

Edgar Coln Negron and Luis R. Burgos-Anaya

Yi-Pin Chiang, Wen-Chung Tsai, Tyng-Guey Wang, and Henry L. Lew

Carolyn M. Baum, Timothy J. Wolf, and Samuel Talisman

Russell Gelfman

Gerold Stucki, Jerome Bickenbach, Melissa Selb, and John L. Melvin

James E. Graham, Steve R. Fisher, and Kenneth J. Ottenbacher

Stephen P. Gulley, Elizabeth K. Rasch, Abrahm J. Behnam, and Leighton Chan

The Rehabilitation Team: Systems-Based Practice

Daniel E. Rohe and Thida Han

Marls Gonzlez Fernndez, Rachel W. Mulheren, Joseph P. Pillion, Rajani Sebastian, and Donna C. Tippett