Tommie L. Norris - Porths Essentials of Pathophysiology

Vice President and Publisher: Julie K. Stegman

Director of Nursing Content Publishing: Renee Gagliardi

Senior Acquisitions Editor: Jonathan Joyce

Director of Product Development: Jennifer K. Forestieri

Senior Development Editor: Meredith L. Brittain

Editorial Coordinator: Tim Rinehart

Marketing Manager: Brittany Clements

Editorial Assistant: Molly Kennedy

Design Coordinator: Stephen Druding

Art Director, Illustration: Jennifer Clements

Production Project Manager: Joan Sinclair

Manufacturing Coordinator: Karin Duffield

Prepress Vendor: S4Carlisle Publishing Services

Fifth Edition

Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer.

Copyright 2015 Wolters Kluwer. Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health|Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright 2007, 2004 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via our website at shop.lww.com (products and services).

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN-13: 978-1-975107-19-2 | eISBN: 9781975107208

ISBN-10: 1-975107-19-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019911909

This work is provided as is, and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work.

This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments.

Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturers package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work.

shop.lww.com

To my husband, Stephen Sr., and childrenRichie, Robby,
Stephen Jr., and Rachelwho always inspire me.
To those pursuing or continuing a love for healthcare,
with a special thanks for your dedication, compassion, and selflessness.

Contributors

Contributors to Essentials of Pathophysiology, Fourth Edition

Jacqueline M. Akert, RNC, MSN, WHNP-BC

Nurse Practitioner
Womens Health Aurora Health Care
Waukesha, Wisconsin
(Chapters 40, 41 with Patricia McCowen Mehring)

Diane Book, MD

Associate Professor, Neurology
Co-Director Stroke & Neurovascular Program
Froedtert Hospital & Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapter 37)

Freddy W. Cao, MD, PhD

Clinical Associate Professor
College of Nursing
University of WisconsinMilwaukee
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapters 18, 34)

Paula Cox-North, PhD, ARNP

Clinical Assistant Professor
Hepatitis & Liver Clinic
Harborview Medical Center
University of Washington School of Nursing
Seattle, Washington
(Chapters 29, 30)

Herodotos Ellinas, MD, FAAP, FACP

Assistant Professor
Department of Anesthesiology
MedAnesthesia and PGY-1 Program Director
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapters 11, 12, 13)

Jason R. Faulhaber, MD

Assistant Program Director, Fellowship in Infectious Diseases
Division of Infectious Diseases, Carilion Clinic
Assistant Professor, Virginia Tech, Carilion School of Medicine
Adjunct Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jefferson College of Health Sciences
Roanoke, Virginia
(Chapters 15, 16)

Anne M. Fink, RN, PhD

Postdoctoral Research Associate
College of Nursing
University of IllinoisChicago
Chicago, Illinois
(Chapters 19, 20 with Karen M. Vuckovic)

Susan A. Fontana, PhD, APRN-BC

Associate Professor and Family Nurse Practitioner
College of Nursing
University of WisconsinMilwaukee
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapter 38)

Kathleen E. Gunta, MSN, RN, OCNS-C

Clinical Nurse Specialist
Aurora St. Lukes Medical Center
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapter 43)

Nathan A. Ledeboer, PhD, D(ABMM)

Associate Professor of Pathology
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapter 14)

Kim Litwack, PhD, RN, FAAN, APNP

Associate Dean for Academic Affairs
Family Nurse Practitioner
Advanced Pain Management
University of WisconsinMilwaukee
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapter 35)

Glenn Matfin, MSc (Oxon), MB, ChB, FACE, FACP, FRCP

Medical Director
International Diabetes Center
Clinical Professor of Medicine
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota
(Chapters 10, 31, 32, 33, 39)

Patricia McCowen Mehring, RNC, MSN, WHNP

Nurse Practitioner
Womens Health
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapters 40, 41 with Jacqueline M. Akert)

Carrie J. Merkle, PhD, RN, FAAN

Associate Professor
College of Nursing
The University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
(Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 7)

Kathleen Mussatto, PhD, RN

Nurse Scientist
Herma Heart Center
Childrens Hospital of Wisconsin
Assistant Clinical Professor of Surgery
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapter 19, Heart Disease in Infants and Children)

Debra Bancroft Rizzo, RN, MSN, FNP-BC

Nurse Practitioner
Division of Rheumatology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
(Chapter 44)

Jonathan Shoopman, MD

Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapters 22, 23)

Gladys Simandl, RN, PhD

Professor
Columbia College of Nursing
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapters 45, 46)

Aoy Tomita-Mitchell, PhD

Associate Professor
Department of Surgery
Childrens Research Institute