Richard J. Ellings - Embargoes and World Power: Lessons From American Foreign Policy

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Embargoes and World Power

About the Book and Author

This book analyzes the use of strategic embargoes and economic sanctions in the postwar period, tracing their changing applications in the context of developments in the global distribution of power. Dr. Ellings uses two approaches: a case study of the ongoing strategic Western embargo against selected communist countries and a comparative study of 107 separate actual or threatened embargoes by various nations. According to the author, the United States has used the embargo as an economic weapon more than any other country in the postwar period, attempting to weaken hostile competitors and to punish challengers to the international system. As the global distribution of power has become less concentrated and as challenges to the system have multiplied, however, the United States has changed the frequency and the mix of purposes of its embargoes. The study finds that global structure is a key variable in understanding how economic power is exercised by leading states.

Richard Ellings received his Ph.D. in political science from the University of Washington and is a legislative assistant for foreign and defense policy in the U.S. Senate. He has studied in the People's Republic of China and has traveled widely in Asia.

To my parents, George and Barbara Ellings, with my deepest gratitude.

Embargoes and World Power

Lessons from American Foreign Policy

Richard J. Ellings

First published 1985 by Westview Press, Inc.

Published 2018 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1985 Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Ellings, Richard.
Embargoes and world power
(Westview special studies in international relations)
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. United StatesForeign relations1945- .2. EmbargoCase studies. 3. Sanctions (International law)Case studies. I. Title.
E744.E44 1985 327.73 85-3336
ISBN 13: 978-0-367-00670-9 (hbk)

Table of Contents

1. ii
2. iii

Guide

• CoCom Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls
• DOD Department of Defense
• EC European Community
• F.R.G Federal Republic of Germany
• FEA Foreign Economic Administration
• GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
• G.D.R German Democratic Republic
• GNP Gross National Product
• IMF International Monetary Fund
• LDC Less Developed Country
• MNC Multinational Corporation
• M.P.R. Mongolian People's Republic
• NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• NYT New York Times
• OAS Organization of American States
• OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
• P.R.C. People's Republic of China
• SITC Standard International Trade Classification
• TAC Technical Advisory Committee
• U.S.S.R. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
• U.A.R. United Arab Republic
• U.K. United Kingdom
• UN United Nations
• U.S. United States
• WP World Product

Initials for countries are followed by periods.

In recent years an increasing number of scholars have directed their attention to the subject of change in world politics. It is a reflection of our times. Compared to several decades ago, the international system appears to be in a more dangerous state of flux. Regional conflict seems greater; international organizations seem weaker; the world economy seems more volatile; and the balance of forces between the major powers seems less stable. To be sure, change is a salient feature of the recent past and is a worthy perspective from which to approach the study of world politics.

The student of world politics should, however, guard against being overwhelmed by current trends. They may obscure trends that are more important and of longer duration. This form of myopia, of course, is easier to describe than avoida fact that was a constant concern while conducting a study which covered embargoes and world power over the post-World War II era. It is my hope that events of the very recent past have not compromised the accuracy of the longer-term view that unfolds in the following pages.

Two interesting research projects have become available since this study was completed and deserve acknowledgement here because of their substantial contributions to our understanding of international embargoes.

Both works are grounded in admirably large data sets. The first, Economic Sanctions: Ideals and Experience by M. S. Daoudi and M. S. Dajani, makes a stab at explaining the very focus of this volume, namely, the changing uses of embargoes over historical periods. The authors, who restrict their interest to the post World War I period, suggest that there have been "paradigmatic shifts," which they define as major changes in the assumptions made about the international system and solutions to international problems. They assert that policymakers have gone from moral to economic and finally to military-political paradigms. During a period of ascendency, each of these paradigms has determined the way economic power has been utilized for political purposes.

Rather than offer a full critique here, let me suggest that the reader consider a couple of points made more thoroughly in later sections of this volume. First, the shifts in policymakers' views that have transpired since World War I have been neither clear departures from the past nor all that abrupt. Second, while it is acknowledged that the uses of embargoes have evolved this centuryreflecting changes in policymakers' perceptions the underlying causes are based primarily in alterations of world structure, the characteristics of the nations which have assumed world leadership, and the learning experiences of statesmen.

The other important study, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy by Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey J. Schott, is very likely the best sanctions policy analysis yet published. Its data base is the largest of this genre of research. It is lacking, in my view, mainly by failing to give sufficient attention to the global-systemic context, which is, again, the focus here.

Perhaps the major personal lesson derived from this project is that such an effort depends on others. Scholarly inspiration, material support, helpful criticism, and encouragement in moments of doubt or frustration come to assume an unanticipated importance. Thanks are due first to those teachers and scholars who had early impact on furthering my interest in, and shaping my understanding of, political phenomena. A very partial list includes Professors Frank Teti, Michael Gordon, Robert Scalapino, Martin Landau, and Thomas Robinson.

Professor Donald Hellmann, the supervisor of this work in its original form as a dissertation, not only added guidance at critical junctures but also made the graduate school experience as a whole rewarding, and to him I owe my deepest thanks. His support was unwavering and sensitive. Don has an iconoclastic spiritand I mean this in the most positive sensewhich never fails to shed a fresh and insightful perspective on an old or new problem. He couples this with a felicitous style and a zestful concern for the great international issues of our day. Professor George Modelski has been, and continues to be, a source of great intellectual inspiration. Coursework and private discussions with him were essential in first opening my eyes to the scientific study of international relations and political economy. His is among the most imaginative and ambitious minds in the field today.

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